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非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词,是历年高考试题考查的重点。纵观历年高考试题,对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:
一、考查非谓语动词作定语
可以在句子中充当定语的非谓语动词,通常有动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的过去分词。
1. 动词不定式充当定语,表示该动作系“主动”或“将要发生的动作”。当名词被first, last, second及only等词修饰时,其后常用不定式作定语。
-The last one _______ pays the meal.
-Agreed! (2007年高考全国卷)
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
解析:根据句子结构判断,空白处缺一修饰one的定语成分,由此先排除A和B;此处主语one被限定词last修饰,应该用不定式作定语,答案是C。
2. 动词的-ing形式充当定语表示:所修饰名词的“用途或者功能”;“主动的动作”或者“和谓语动词同时发生的动作”(可以转化为定语或定语从句)。
Peter received a letter just now _______ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007年高考四川卷)
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
解析:答案是C。通过题意分析我们可以看出,say的主语应该是前文中的letter,从语法上来看,空格后面的部分应该是作前面的letter的定语。所以只能选C。
3. 动词的过去分词充当定语相当于一个形容词,通常表示“被动”或者“处于某种状态”。
“Things _______ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself. (2007年高考湖南卷)
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
解析:此题考查过去分词作定语。该句中谓语动词是come,lost为过去分词作定语,语意是:“失去的永远不会再回来”。答案是A。
二、考查非谓语动词作状语
在句子中作状语的非谓语动词有动词不定式动词-ing形式和动词的过去分词。
1. 动词不定式在句子中作状语,位置或前或后,常常表示“主动的动作”,作目的状语。如果动词不定式放在句首,其后有逗号与主句隔开。
When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _______ for a space flight. (2007年高考江西卷)
A. training B. being trained
C. to have trained D. to be trained
解析:答案是D。此处考查动词不定式的用法。to be trained用在句中作目的状语。
2. 动词的-ing形式在句子中作状语,表示“主动和正在进行的动作”。它放在句首多作原因、条件、时间等状语,在句末多作方式、伴随、也可作结果状语。
He is a student at Oxford University, _______ for a degree in computer science. (2007年高考北京卷)
A. studied B. studying
C. to have studied D to be studying
解析:答案是B。这里考查的是现在分词的用法,studying作主句的方式状语。
3. 过去分词在句子中作状语,常常表示“被动”或“完成”。这样使用时,过去分词通常作原因、方式、条件或伴随状语。
_______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007年高考浙江卷)
A. Driven B. Being driven
C. To drive D. Having driven
解析:答案是A。该题考查过去分词作原因状语。句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上构成动宾关系。
三、考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语
动词不定式动词的-ing形式、过去分词和都可以跟在感官动词之后作宾语补足语。
1. 动词不定式常作为感官动词或使役动词的宾语补足语(此种情况下,不定式往往省略to),表示主动的动作或动作的全过程。
-Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
-Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _______ you to your room. (2007年高考北京卷)
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
解析:本题考查的是have sb. do的用法,意思是“让某人做某事”。have后接不带to的动词不定式做宾补。答案为A。
2. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示“主动(即动作是由宾语发出的)”以及“与谓语动词同时发生的动作”。
I smell something _______ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (2007年高考全国卷)
A. burning B. burnt
C. being burnt D. to be burnt
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法。感官动词smell后面可以带分词作宾语补足语。由于burn(燃烧)为不及物动词,与宾语something之间为主动关系,应使用现在分词。答案是A。
3. 过去分词作宾语补足语表示“被动(即分词的动作返回到宾语身上)”。
Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _______ in a short period. (2007年高考福建卷)
A. improved B. improving
C. to improve D. improve
解析:考查过去分词作宾语补足语。该题正确答案为A。“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”是一个固定句型。
四、考查非谓语动词作宾语
1.不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _______ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007年高考全国卷)
A. opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed
D. to open and close
解析: 此题考查非谓语动词作介词宾语的用法。答案为C。desks being opened and closed是前面带有名词的动名词结构,用作介词of的宾语。
五、考查非谓语动词作表语
能作表语的有不定式、动名词和分词,选用表示主动还是被动意义主要看其与主语的逻辑关系。
Please remain _______ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (2007年高考山东卷)
A. to seat B. to be seated
C. seating D. seated
解析:答案是D。seat作及物动词时,意为“使……就坐;使坐下”,常用作被动结构,表示“坐着的”一种状态。若用现在分词,其后须跟宾语,由此排除A和C。remain为系动词,seated作表语。
六、考查连词之后加分词
分词作状语时,其前可以加上相应的连词如when, if, though, once等,以明确所作状语的类型。
The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _______ every day. (2007年高考四川卷)
A. watered B. watering
C. water D. to water
解析:此处“unless + 过去分词”结构作状语,相当于条件状语从句。从句中含被动意义,答案是A。
七、考查非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式
1. why not + 动词原形,表示建议。
-It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
-_______ her this weekend ? (2007年高考全国卷)
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
解析:分析句意可知,答话人显然是在提出建议。英语口语中经常使用“why not + 动词原形”结构来表示建议。答案是A。
2. with复合结构
-Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
-Sorry. With so much work ______ my mind, I almost break down. (2007年高考福建卷)
A. filled B. filling
C. to fill D. being filled
解析:本题测试的是with的复合结构,work与fill的关系为主谓关系,故用动词的-ing形式。答案是B。
3. sb /sth + be said /reported /believed... + to do /have done...结构
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) ______ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (2007年高考重庆卷)
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. had said to have bought
解析:此题考查非谓语动词。句型sb is said to have done sth表示不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。答案是B。
4. have difficulty (in) doing sth 意为“做某事有困难”。
You can’t imagine what difficulty we had _______ home in the snowstorm. (2007年高考辽宁卷)
A. walked B. walk
C. to walk D. walking
解析:考查句式have difficulty (in) doing sth。原句的从句部分可还原为:We have difficulty walking home in the snowstorm. 答案是D。
【作者单位:河南省许昌市高级中学】
责任编辑:李俊
一、考查非谓语动词作定语
可以在句子中充当定语的非谓语动词,通常有动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的过去分词。
1. 动词不定式充当定语,表示该动作系“主动”或“将要发生的动作”。当名词被first, last, second及only等词修饰时,其后常用不定式作定语。
-The last one _______ pays the meal.
-Agreed! (2007年高考全国卷)
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
解析:根据句子结构判断,空白处缺一修饰one的定语成分,由此先排除A和B;此处主语one被限定词last修饰,应该用不定式作定语,答案是C。
2. 动词的-ing形式充当定语表示:所修饰名词的“用途或者功能”;“主动的动作”或者“和谓语动词同时发生的动作”(可以转化为定语或定语从句)。
Peter received a letter just now _______ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007年高考四川卷)
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
解析:答案是C。通过题意分析我们可以看出,say的主语应该是前文中的letter,从语法上来看,空格后面的部分应该是作前面的letter的定语。所以只能选C。
3. 动词的过去分词充当定语相当于一个形容词,通常表示“被动”或者“处于某种状态”。
“Things _______ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself. (2007年高考湖南卷)
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
解析:此题考查过去分词作定语。该句中谓语动词是come,lost为过去分词作定语,语意是:“失去的永远不会再回来”。答案是A。
二、考查非谓语动词作状语
在句子中作状语的非谓语动词有动词不定式动词-ing形式和动词的过去分词。
1. 动词不定式在句子中作状语,位置或前或后,常常表示“主动的动作”,作目的状语。如果动词不定式放在句首,其后有逗号与主句隔开。
When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _______ for a space flight. (2007年高考江西卷)
A. training B. being trained
C. to have trained D. to be trained
解析:答案是D。此处考查动词不定式的用法。to be trained用在句中作目的状语。
2. 动词的-ing形式在句子中作状语,表示“主动和正在进行的动作”。它放在句首多作原因、条件、时间等状语,在句末多作方式、伴随、也可作结果状语。
He is a student at Oxford University, _______ for a degree in computer science. (2007年高考北京卷)
A. studied B. studying
C. to have studied D to be studying
解析:答案是B。这里考查的是现在分词的用法,studying作主句的方式状语。
3. 过去分词在句子中作状语,常常表示“被动”或“完成”。这样使用时,过去分词通常作原因、方式、条件或伴随状语。
_______ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007年高考浙江卷)
A. Driven B. Being driven
C. To drive D. Having driven
解析:答案是A。该题考查过去分词作原因状语。句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上构成动宾关系。
三、考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语
动词不定式动词的-ing形式、过去分词和都可以跟在感官动词之后作宾语补足语。
1. 动词不定式常作为感官动词或使役动词的宾语补足语(此种情况下,不定式往往省略to),表示主动的动作或动作的全过程。
-Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
-Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _______ you to your room. (2007年高考北京卷)
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
解析:本题考查的是have sb. do的用法,意思是“让某人做某事”。have后接不带to的动词不定式做宾补。答案为A。
2. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示“主动(即动作是由宾语发出的)”以及“与谓语动词同时发生的动作”。
I smell something _______ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (2007年高考全国卷)
A. burning B. burnt
C. being burnt D. to be burnt
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法。感官动词smell后面可以带分词作宾语补足语。由于burn(燃烧)为不及物动词,与宾语something之间为主动关系,应使用现在分词。答案是A。
3. 过去分词作宾语补足语表示“被动(即分词的动作返回到宾语身上)”。
Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _______ in a short period. (2007年高考福建卷)
A. improved B. improving
C. to improve D. improve
解析:考查过去分词作宾语补足语。该题正确答案为A。“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”是一个固定句型。
四、考查非谓语动词作宾语
1.不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _______ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007年高考全国卷)
A. opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed
D. to open and close
解析: 此题考查非谓语动词作介词宾语的用法。答案为C。desks being opened and closed是前面带有名词的动名词结构,用作介词of的宾语。
五、考查非谓语动词作表语
能作表语的有不定式、动名词和分词,选用表示主动还是被动意义主要看其与主语的逻辑关系。
Please remain _______ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (2007年高考山东卷)
A. to seat B. to be seated
C. seating D. seated
解析:答案是D。seat作及物动词时,意为“使……就坐;使坐下”,常用作被动结构,表示“坐着的”一种状态。若用现在分词,其后须跟宾语,由此排除A和C。remain为系动词,seated作表语。
六、考查连词之后加分词
分词作状语时,其前可以加上相应的连词如when, if, though, once等,以明确所作状语的类型。
The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _______ every day. (2007年高考四川卷)
A. watered B. watering
C. water D. to water
解析:此处“unless + 过去分词”结构作状语,相当于条件状语从句。从句中含被动意义,答案是A。
七、考查非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式
1. why not + 动词原形,表示建议。
-It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
-_______ her this weekend ? (2007年高考全国卷)
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
解析:分析句意可知,答话人显然是在提出建议。英语口语中经常使用“why not + 动词原形”结构来表示建议。答案是A。
2. with复合结构
-Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
-Sorry. With so much work ______ my mind, I almost break down. (2007年高考福建卷)
A. filled B. filling
C. to fill D. being filled
解析:本题测试的是with的复合结构,work与fill的关系为主谓关系,故用动词的-ing形式。答案是B。
3. sb /sth + be said /reported /believed... + to do /have done...结构
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) ______ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (2007年高考重庆卷)
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. had said to have bought
解析:此题考查非谓语动词。句型sb is said to have done sth表示不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。答案是B。
4. have difficulty (in) doing sth 意为“做某事有困难”。
You can’t imagine what difficulty we had _______ home in the snowstorm. (2007年高考辽宁卷)
A. walked B. walk
C. to walk D. walking
解析:考查句式have difficulty (in) doing sth。原句的从句部分可还原为:We have difficulty walking home in the snowstorm. 答案是D。
【作者单位:河南省许昌市高级中学】
责任编辑:李俊