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[摘要] 目的 探討超声引导下穿刺在假体周围抽取关节液的应用价值。 方法 将需行髋关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为A组和B组,A组为传统的C臂透视引导下穿刺,B组为超声引导下穿刺;同时将需行人工膝关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为C组和D组,C组为盲穿法,D组为超声引导下穿刺。每个病例记录是否取得关节液,获取关节液量,穿刺次数,关节液是否混有血液。 结果 在人工髋关节周围穿刺,A组8例患者中有3例穿刺获取关节液,成功率为37.5%,B组10例患者中9例穿刺获取关节液,成功率为90.0%;A组平均穿刺(4.8±1.2)次,B组平均穿刺(6.1±1.2) 次,两组对比有显著性差异(P<0.01);B组抽的关节液量(6.1±1.2)mL也较A组(2.4±0.4)mL多,两组对比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。膝关节组C组13例患者中有8例穿刺获取关节液,成功率为61.5%,D组11例患者中全部穿刺获取关节液,成功率为100.0%,两组对比具有显著性差异(P<0.01);C组平均穿刺(2.5±0.9)次,D组平均穿刺(6.1±1.2)次,两组对比有显著性差异(P<0.01);C组抽的关节液量(4.6±0.9)mL,也较D组(8.7.4±5.0)mL多,两组对比具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。 结论 超声引导下穿刺可作为人工关节周围穿刺获取关节液的首选方法。
[关键词] 超声;人工关节;假体感染;穿刺;关节液
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)18-0098-03
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound-guided puncture in the extraction of joint fluid around the prosthesis. Methods Randomly divided the cases that need to be punctured around hip prosthesis into group A and group B. Group A took the traditional C-arm fluoroscopy-guided puncture, and group B took the ultrasound-guided puncture; at the same time, the patients requiring peripheral puncture of artificial knee joints were randomly divided into groups C and D. C group took blind puncture, and group D was ultrasound-guided puncture. Each case records whether synovial fluid was obtained, the amount of fluid in the joint, the number of punctures and whether the synovial fluid was mixed with blood. Results Peripheral puncture was performed around the hip joint. Three of the eight patients in group A had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 37.5%. In group B, 10 of 10 patients had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 90.0%. The average puncture times in group A was(4.8±1.2)times, average puncture times in group B was(6.1±1.2), there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid(6.1±1.2) mL in group B was also higher than group A:(2.4)±0.4)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). Eight of 13 patients in group C of the knee group received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 61.5%. All 11 patients in group D received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 100.0%. There was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). The average puncture in group C was(2.5±0.9) times, and the average puncture times in group D was(6.1±1.2)times. There was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid extracted in group C was(4.6±0.9) mL. It was also more than group D(8.7.4±5.0)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided puncture can be used as the preferred method for obtaining joint fluids around the artificial joints. [Key words] Ultrasound; Artificial joints; Prosthesis infection; Puncture; Synovial fluid
人工关节置换术是治疗各种严重关节疾患的有效方法,但关节假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)是关节置换手术严重的并发症之一[1],PJI在初次人工关节置换术后的发生率约1%~2%,在人工关节翻修术后的发生率约1%~10%[2-3]。因此,快速准确获取尽量多的关节液,对临床具有较大的指导意义。
超声引导下操作临床运用广泛,但是用于PJI诊断性穿刺较少报道[4]。本研究旨在探讨:(1)比较超声引导下和传统的C臂透视引导下在髋关节假体周围穿刺的优缺点;(2)比较超声引导下和盲穿法在膝关节假体周围穿刺的优缺点。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本研究的病例来自2014年1月~2015年12月需要行关节假体周围穿刺的病例,包括需要行翻修的病例。采用不同的方法获取关节液而进行分组,需要行髋关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为A组和B组。A组为采用传统的在C臂透视引导下穿刺,B组为采用超声引导下穿刺。需要行人工膝关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为C组和D组,C组采用盲穿法,D组采用超声引导下穿刺。A组8例,年龄:50~78岁,平均(62.7±7.1)岁,其中男5例,女3例,均为单侧。B组10例,B组例61~80岁,平均(66.4±8.9)岁,其中男5例,女5例,均为单侧。C组13例,C组年龄63~76岁,平均(67.7±8.2)岁,其中男2例,女11例,均为单侧。D组11例,D组年龄62~78岁,平均(64.3±8.2)岁,其中男1例,女10例,均为单侧。四组患者的一般资料比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),具有可比性。
纳入标准[2]:(1)人工关节置换术后需要排除感染需要进行关节穿刺者;(2)人工关节需要进行翻修手术者;(3)告知风险,同意进行人工关节假体周围穿刺者;排除标准[3]:(1)初次人工关节置换诊断术前诊断为类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎等全身炎症性关节病者;(2)身体其他部位存在恶性肿瘤影响结果者;(3)不同意进行关节穿刺者。
1.2 方法
(1)髋关节透视组在无菌室进行穿刺部位常规消毒铺巾,透视引导下行关节腔穿刺;超声组先行超声检查,发现液性暗区后,进行穿刺部位常规消毒铺巾,在其引导下抽取关节穿刺液(图1)。膝关节组对照组在无菌条件下,按照髌上囊、髌骨关节、髁间窝的顺序进行穿刺;超声组先行超声检查,在液性暗区进行穿刺(图2)。(2)取2 mL关节液以上标为成功(可以进行关节液常规检测项目),并把所得的标本进行关节液常规检查及普通细菌培养。每个病例记录是否取得的关节液,获取的关节液量,记录穿刺次数,关节液是否混有血液。有进行翻修手术的病例,打开关节囊时尽量抽留取关节液,并记录取得的量。
1.3 统计学方法
应用 SPSS version 10.0 软件(SPSS,Chicago,IL,USA)进行分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
人工髋关节A组8例患者中有3例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率为37.5%,B组10例患者中有9例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率为90.0%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01); A组平均穿刺数为(4.8±1.2)次,B组平均穿刺数为(6.1±1.2) 次,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);B组抽的关节液量(6.1±1.2)mL也较A组(2.4±0.4)mL多(P<0.05)。A组穿刺成功获取关节液中有2例混有血液,B穿刺成功获取关节液中有5例混有血液,两组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
人工膝关节C组13患者中有8例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率61.5%,D组11例患者中全部穿刺获取关节液,成功率100.0%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01); C组平均穿刺(2.5±0.9)次,D组平均穿刺(6.1±1.2)次,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组穿刺获取的关节液量(4.6±0.9)mL,也较D组(8.74±3.01)mL少,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。附人工髋关节假体周围穿刺示意图(图1)、人工膝关节假体周围穿刺示意图(图2)。
3 討论
急慢性PJI对于关节置换术后的疗效是重要的影响因素,准确诊断并分别采用不同的治疗方案,可以获得满意的疗效,避免灾难的扩大[5]。对于人工关节置换术后,排除感染除了检测血沉、CRP,检测关节液更有重要的临床意义,假体周围关节液的获得并进行检查,对于PJI的正确诊断和治疗至关重要[6]。但是因为有金属内植物存在,PJI感染的特点,关节液量多少不定,并积聚不同的腔隙,所以关节液获得比较困难。穿刺时除了无菌条件,准确定位关节积液位置,快速获得关节液,减少穿刺次数,可以减少外源感染的风险和患者的痛苦。
传统行人工髋关节假体周围进行穿刺,通常在C臂透视指引下,细针进行多部位穿刺,如果无法抽取关节液,为了培养需要,甚至有采用注射生理盐水后,再抽取关节液送细菌培养[7]。穿刺抽液前通过超声检查,避开金属的散射,先检测关节假体周围积液的位置,再行穿刺,比较容易成功。我们发现健侧侧卧位时,人工髋关节术后的积液常积聚于髋关节假体后下,前方关节液较少,在假体的后内下穿刺抽液容易获得关节液。人工膝关节表面置换术后,超声检查显示关节液常积聚于髌上囊,手术中见积液除了髌上囊,髁间窝及胫股关节间隙也是关节液好积聚部位,但是因为髌骨及假体阻挡因素,超声无法探及,使用超声引导下穿刺可以准确到达髌上囊关节液体最深部位。 在人工髖关节组中,10例患者通过超声引导下穿刺有9例成功获取关节液,成功率为90.0%;而在传统C臂机引导下穿刺,8例患者仅有3例成功,成功率为37.5%;在人工膝关节组中,11例患者通过超声引导下穿刺全部成功获取关节液,成功率为100.0%。Balog TP等[8]学者在一组48例超声引导下髋关节穿刺中,有46例患者穿刺成功,成功率为96%[8-10]。因此,本研究建议在超声引导下行人工关节周围穿刺,可以提高关节液获取的成功率及提高安全性。
综上所述,本研究发现,超声引导下穿刺能显著提高人工关节周围关节液的获取成功率,减少穿刺次数,缩短疾病的诊断周期,提高PJI的早期诊断率,避免误诊及漏诊的发生,超声引导下穿刺可作为人工关节周围穿刺获取关节液的首选方法。但由于人工关节感染诊断仍有很多困难,病情发展多样[11-15],少量液体在超声探测仍存在困难。关节积液较多的时候,特别是膝关节,并非非得借助超声就可以获取。本组研究样本较少,获得的数据可能没有广泛的代表性。
[参考文献]
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(收稿日期:2018-01-21)
[关键词] 超声;人工关节;假体感染;穿刺;关节液
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)18-0098-03
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the value of ultrasound-guided puncture in the extraction of joint fluid around the prosthesis. Methods Randomly divided the cases that need to be punctured around hip prosthesis into group A and group B. Group A took the traditional C-arm fluoroscopy-guided puncture, and group B took the ultrasound-guided puncture; at the same time, the patients requiring peripheral puncture of artificial knee joints were randomly divided into groups C and D. C group took blind puncture, and group D was ultrasound-guided puncture. Each case records whether synovial fluid was obtained, the amount of fluid in the joint, the number of punctures and whether the synovial fluid was mixed with blood. Results Peripheral puncture was performed around the hip joint. Three of the eight patients in group A had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 37.5%. In group B, 10 of 10 patients had punctures to obtain synovial fluid with a success rate of 90.0%. The average puncture times in group A was(4.8±1.2)times, average puncture times in group B was(6.1±1.2), there was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid(6.1±1.2) mL in group B was also higher than group A:(2.4)±0.4)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). Eight of 13 patients in group C of the knee group received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 61.5%. All 11 patients in group D received puncture for synovial fluid with a success rate of 100.0%. There was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). The average puncture in group C was(2.5±0.9) times, and the average puncture times in group D was(6.1±1.2)times. There was significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01); the amount of joint fluid extracted in group C was(4.6±0.9) mL. It was also more than group D(8.7.4±5.0)mL, there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided puncture can be used as the preferred method for obtaining joint fluids around the artificial joints. [Key words] Ultrasound; Artificial joints; Prosthesis infection; Puncture; Synovial fluid
人工关节置换术是治疗各种严重关节疾患的有效方法,但关节假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)是关节置换手术严重的并发症之一[1],PJI在初次人工关节置换术后的发生率约1%~2%,在人工关节翻修术后的发生率约1%~10%[2-3]。因此,快速准确获取尽量多的关节液,对临床具有较大的指导意义。
超声引导下操作临床运用广泛,但是用于PJI诊断性穿刺较少报道[4]。本研究旨在探讨:(1)比较超声引导下和传统的C臂透视引导下在髋关节假体周围穿刺的优缺点;(2)比较超声引导下和盲穿法在膝关节假体周围穿刺的优缺点。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本研究的病例来自2014年1月~2015年12月需要行关节假体周围穿刺的病例,包括需要行翻修的病例。采用不同的方法获取关节液而进行分组,需要行髋关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为A组和B组。A组为采用传统的在C臂透视引导下穿刺,B组为采用超声引导下穿刺。需要行人工膝关节假体周围穿刺的病例随机分为C组和D组,C组采用盲穿法,D组采用超声引导下穿刺。A组8例,年龄:50~78岁,平均(62.7±7.1)岁,其中男5例,女3例,均为单侧。B组10例,B组例61~80岁,平均(66.4±8.9)岁,其中男5例,女5例,均为单侧。C组13例,C组年龄63~76岁,平均(67.7±8.2)岁,其中男2例,女11例,均为单侧。D组11例,D组年龄62~78岁,平均(64.3±8.2)岁,其中男1例,女10例,均为单侧。四组患者的一般资料比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),具有可比性。
纳入标准[2]:(1)人工关节置换术后需要排除感染需要进行关节穿刺者;(2)人工关节需要进行翻修手术者;(3)告知风险,同意进行人工关节假体周围穿刺者;排除标准[3]:(1)初次人工关节置换诊断术前诊断为类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎等全身炎症性关节病者;(2)身体其他部位存在恶性肿瘤影响结果者;(3)不同意进行关节穿刺者。
1.2 方法
(1)髋关节透视组在无菌室进行穿刺部位常规消毒铺巾,透视引导下行关节腔穿刺;超声组先行超声检查,发现液性暗区后,进行穿刺部位常规消毒铺巾,在其引导下抽取关节穿刺液(图1)。膝关节组对照组在无菌条件下,按照髌上囊、髌骨关节、髁间窝的顺序进行穿刺;超声组先行超声检查,在液性暗区进行穿刺(图2)。(2)取2 mL关节液以上标为成功(可以进行关节液常规检测项目),并把所得的标本进行关节液常规检查及普通细菌培养。每个病例记录是否取得的关节液,获取的关节液量,记录穿刺次数,关节液是否混有血液。有进行翻修手术的病例,打开关节囊时尽量抽留取关节液,并记录取得的量。
1.3 统计学方法
应用 SPSS version 10.0 软件(SPSS,Chicago,IL,USA)进行分析,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以[n(%)] 表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
人工髋关节A组8例患者中有3例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率为37.5%,B组10例患者中有9例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率为90.0%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01); A组平均穿刺数为(4.8±1.2)次,B组平均穿刺数为(6.1±1.2) 次,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);B组抽的关节液量(6.1±1.2)mL也较A组(2.4±0.4)mL多(P<0.05)。A组穿刺成功获取关节液中有2例混有血液,B穿刺成功获取关节液中有5例混有血液,两组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
人工膝关节C组13患者中有8例穿刺成功获取关节液,成功率61.5%,D组11例患者中全部穿刺获取关节液,成功率100.0%,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01); C组平均穿刺(2.5±0.9)次,D组平均穿刺(6.1±1.2)次,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组穿刺获取的关节液量(4.6±0.9)mL,也较D组(8.74±3.01)mL少,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。附人工髋关节假体周围穿刺示意图(图1)、人工膝关节假体周围穿刺示意图(图2)。
3 討论
急慢性PJI对于关节置换术后的疗效是重要的影响因素,准确诊断并分别采用不同的治疗方案,可以获得满意的疗效,避免灾难的扩大[5]。对于人工关节置换术后,排除感染除了检测血沉、CRP,检测关节液更有重要的临床意义,假体周围关节液的获得并进行检查,对于PJI的正确诊断和治疗至关重要[6]。但是因为有金属内植物存在,PJI感染的特点,关节液量多少不定,并积聚不同的腔隙,所以关节液获得比较困难。穿刺时除了无菌条件,准确定位关节积液位置,快速获得关节液,减少穿刺次数,可以减少外源感染的风险和患者的痛苦。
传统行人工髋关节假体周围进行穿刺,通常在C臂透视指引下,细针进行多部位穿刺,如果无法抽取关节液,为了培养需要,甚至有采用注射生理盐水后,再抽取关节液送细菌培养[7]。穿刺抽液前通过超声检查,避开金属的散射,先检测关节假体周围积液的位置,再行穿刺,比较容易成功。我们发现健侧侧卧位时,人工髋关节术后的积液常积聚于髋关节假体后下,前方关节液较少,在假体的后内下穿刺抽液容易获得关节液。人工膝关节表面置换术后,超声检查显示关节液常积聚于髌上囊,手术中见积液除了髌上囊,髁间窝及胫股关节间隙也是关节液好积聚部位,但是因为髌骨及假体阻挡因素,超声无法探及,使用超声引导下穿刺可以准确到达髌上囊关节液体最深部位。 在人工髖关节组中,10例患者通过超声引导下穿刺有9例成功获取关节液,成功率为90.0%;而在传统C臂机引导下穿刺,8例患者仅有3例成功,成功率为37.5%;在人工膝关节组中,11例患者通过超声引导下穿刺全部成功获取关节液,成功率为100.0%。Balog TP等[8]学者在一组48例超声引导下髋关节穿刺中,有46例患者穿刺成功,成功率为96%[8-10]。因此,本研究建议在超声引导下行人工关节周围穿刺,可以提高关节液获取的成功率及提高安全性。
综上所述,本研究发现,超声引导下穿刺能显著提高人工关节周围关节液的获取成功率,减少穿刺次数,缩短疾病的诊断周期,提高PJI的早期诊断率,避免误诊及漏诊的发生,超声引导下穿刺可作为人工关节周围穿刺获取关节液的首选方法。但由于人工关节感染诊断仍有很多困难,病情发展多样[11-15],少量液体在超声探测仍存在困难。关节积液较多的时候,特别是膝关节,并非非得借助超声就可以获取。本组研究样本较少,获得的数据可能没有广泛的代表性。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-21)