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本文通过对北京古北口蟠龙山段明长城城墙砖缝间粘合剂样品的碘-淀粉实验和淀粉粒分析,发现长城粘合剂样品中残留有植物淀粉粒,碘-淀粉实验显红棕色,表明淀粉以支链淀粉为主,具糯性;镜下检测到的淀粉粒具十字消光特征,粒径大于10μm,具有粟类淀粉粒的一些形态特征。进一步通过对现代小米的糊化过程实验和淀粉粒形态变化对比分析,表明长城粘合剂样品中观察到的淀粉粒与现代小米加热后糊化-半糊化的淀粉粒相似。本研究发现了长城粘合剂中粘性植物添加料的直接证据,与史料记载的一些古建筑所使用的“糯米灰浆”有相似之处,但添加植物显然不是糯米。本研究丰富了对古代粘性植物材料的认识,为了解我国明代长城的建筑工艺及文物保护提供了依据。
In this paper, through iodine-starch test and starch granule analysis of the binder samples of the wall of Ming Great Wall in Boulongshan section of Beijing Gubeikou, it was found that the starch granules were remained in the binder sample of the Great Wall. The iodine-starch experiment was reddish brown, The results showed that starch was mainly amylopectin and waxy. The starch granules detected by microscopy had cross extinction characteristics with particle size larger than 10μm and some morphological characteristics of millet starch granules. Further analysis of the modern millet gelatinization process and morphological changes of starch granules showed that the starch granules observed in the binder samples of the Great Wall were similar to those of the gelatinized-partially gelatinized starch granules heated by modern millet. This study found direct evidence of the addition of viscous plants in the binder of the Great Wall, similar to the “glutinous mortar” used in ancient buildings recorded in historical records, but the addition of plants is obviously not glutinous rice. This study enriches the knowledge of ancient sticky plant materials and provides a basis for understanding the construction technology and cultural relic protection of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in China.