在革命前的俄国民族学和苏联民族学中,人们在公社的一般研究,尤其是在公社分类问题的研究方面,作了不少的工作。公社分类研究是具有普遍意义的问题,值得加以评述。但在评论之前,我们必须弄清楚,这里所讲的公社的含义。我们认为,只有具有某些生产资料所有权或占有权的生产集体才叫公社。这首先指的是土地,不论它是狩猎者和采集者经营的地域,还是农人的耕地、游牧者的牧场,或者仅仅是 In the pre-revolutionary Russian ethnology and Soviet ethnology, people did a lot of work in the general research of communes, especially in the study of the classification of communes. Commune classification research is a matter of universal significance and deserves to be commented on. But before commenting, we must figure out what the commune means here. We believe that only a production collective that has the ownership or possession of certain means of production is called a commune. This first refers to the land, whether it be the area run by the hunter and the collector or the farmland of the farmer, the herd’s pasture, or simply