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1959～1976年是月球空间探测的第一次高潮,在此期间,月球硬着陆、软着陆和绕月飞行技术得到了发展,并且在1969年,人类最终实现了登上月球的夙愿。前苏联进行了三次不载人的月球取样返回,获得了0．3千克的月壤样品;美国进行了6次载人登月,带回了381．7千克的月球岩石和土壤样品。美国于上世纪60年代初开始的“阿波罗”计划,是当时最大规模的一项科学工程,共投资256亿美元,产生了3000多种应用技术成果,带动了1960～1970年代整个世界科技的发展和工业的繁荣。最近有资料显示:“阿波罗”计划的投入产出比是1:14。从1976年到1994年长达18年的时间里,世界上没有进行过任何成功的月球探测活动。人们的重点集中在:消化、分析与综合研究月球探测数据和资料;通过月球探测带来的大量高新技术向各种民用和军用领域转化和应用;总结月球探测耗资大,效率低,探测水平不高的经验与教训,并以月球探测获得的技术为基础,建设国际空间站,研制新的空间探测技术,如航天飞机、大推力火箭、高效探测仪器等,为进一步开发利用深空进行科学和技术准备。21世纪新的探月高潮再次兴起,令欧空局骄傲的“智能”1号不辱使命,可说是开启了高潮的前奏。在中国探月卫星即将发射之际,我们不妨回顾前人的探月之路。
1959-1976 was the first climax of lunar space exploration during which hard landing, soft landing and lunar flight techniques developed and in 1969 humankind eventually realized its aspiration to board the moon. The former Soviet Union carried out three unmanned lunar sampling returns, obtained a 0.3 kg lunar sample; the United States carried out 6 manned lunar landing, bringing back 381.7 kg of lunar rock and soil samples. The “Apollo” program started by the United States in the early 1960s was the largest scientific project of that time with a total investment of 25.6 billion U.S. dollars. It produced more than 3,000 kinds of applied technological achievements and brought about the entire world’s science and technology from the 1960s to the 1970s Development and industrial prosperity. Recent data show: “Apollo” program’s input-output ratio is 1:14. During the 18 years from 1976 to 1994, there have been no successful lunar exploration activities in the world. People focus on: digesting, analyzing and comprehensively studying lunar exploration data and data; transforming and applying a large number of high-tech technologies brought by lunar exploration to various civilian and military fields; summarizing that lunar exploration is expensive, inefficient, and has a low detection level High experience and lessons learned. Based on the technology acquired by lunar exploration, the International Space Station was established to develop new space exploration technologies such as space shuttles, high-thrust rockets, and high-efficiency sounding instruments. In order to further develop and utilize the deep space for science and technology ready. The new wave of moon exploration in the 21st century is on the rise again. It is a prelude to the climax that ESA’s proud “smart” No. 1 mission is fulfilled. As China’s lunar exploration satellite is about to launch, let’s review the predecessors’ exploration of the moon.