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传统上,各种发展理论探究的是,一种结构性的秩序是如何得以被建构起来的。通常,那些理论并不太关注社会与自然是如何联系的,以及社会和自然是如何互动的问题。而在所有论述发展的理论尝试中,几乎都将是否以现代化(modernize)为取向的问题作为理论上的核心重点:即要么将工业化看作是有效的、可行的战略(现代化理论),要么是在承认内在于世界资本主义体系中的权力结构的基础上,将其相反的假设看作是可取的(依附理论)。而那些现代化理论的参照系通常是欧洲北半部及北美大陆上经历过的历史性的发展过程。近来关于世界社会生态的可持续性的提法,引发了许多有关与世界市场经济竞争相容与否的问题。
Traditionally, various development theories have explored how a structural order can be constructed. Often, those theories are less concerned with how society relates to nature and how society and nature interact. And of all the theoretical attempts to address development, the question of whether to modernize is almost always regarded as a theoretical central focus: to either regard industrialization as an effective and viable strategy (modernization theory) or On the basis of admitting the power structure inherent in the world capitalist system, the contrary assumption is regarded as desirable (dependency theory). The frame of reference for those theories of modernization is usually the historical process of development experienced in the northern half of Europe and the North American continent. The recent formulation of the sustainability of the social ecology of the world raises many questions about its compatibility with the economic competition in the world market.