本文着重从组织形成的历史过程与维系的社会基础来分析我国近代工业化中把头包工制这种重要的劳工雇佣及生产作业组织。基于近代工业史、企业史、工运史的相关历史资料及研究成果,本文进一步分析了这种方式的历史渊源、层级结构与改革过程。本研究认为,这种方式最先在洋务派兴办的厂矿企业中出现,后又扩展到近代其他类型的重工业厂矿企业中;这种方式固然受到西方包工制的影响,但其中把头的组织实则来源于湘军组织,二者内在共通之处是带领者和被带领者之间结成的依附庇护关系,而这种关系很大程度上又根源于秘密社会;这种方式虽不符合西方科学理性的生产管理标准,且是近代工人运动努力废除的目标,但在近代却长期存续并非常有效。深入研究这种具有传统社会历史基础的组织,有助于我们理解近代中国工业化进程中生产劳动方式演变的轨迹,及其与现代机械化生产和科学管理方式的交汇与碰撞。 This article focuses on the historical process of organizational formation and the social basis of its maintenance to analyze the important labor employment and production organization in China’s modern industrialization. Based on the historical data and research results of modern industrial history, business history and industrial movement, this article further analyzes the historical origin, hierarchical structure and reform process of this approach. This study argues that this approach first appeared in factories and mines with the establishment of the Westernization School, and later expanded to other types of heavy industrial factories and mines in modern times. Although this mode was influenced by the Western system of contract-making, the actual organization of the head organization In the organization of Xiang Army, the commonalities between the two are the dependency and shelter relations formed between the leader and the leader, and this relationship is largely rooted in the secret society. Although this approach does not conform to Western scientific rationality Production management standards, but also the goal of modern workers’ efforts to repeal efforts, but in the modern but long-term survival is very effective. Studying this kind of organization with the basis of traditional social history helps us to understand the trajectory of the evolution of the mode of production and labor in the process of industrialization in modern China and to meet and collide with the modern mechanized production and scientific management.