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本文将国家创新体系分为技术、产业、市场与制度四个子系统,梳理了德国从18世纪至今的科技与产业创新政策,分析政府与市场作用及宏观制度影响,呈现德国创新驱动的现象、原因、机制与问题。德国创新驱动,经历了高校引领、机构集中、企业主导、社会参与的历程,体现了政府以市场为核心,提供资本、培育环境与建构结构的职能。然而,其福利国家的社会市场经济制度虽利于工业渐进创新,却阻碍了科技激进创新。政策调整与制度改革方向,取决于对优势产业与创新格局的抉择。这些对中国创新驱动形成重要启示。
This paper divides the national innovation system into four subsystems: technology, industry, market and system, combs Germany’s innovation policy of science and technology and industry from the eighteenth century to the present, analyzes the effect of government and market and macroeconomic system, and presents the phenomenon of German innovation-driven reason , Mechanism and problem. Driven by innovation in Germany, it has undergone the process of university-led, institutional concentration, enterprise-led, and social participation. It reflects the government’s function of focusing on the market, providing capital, fostering the environment and building a structure. However, the social market economy in the welfare state, although conducive to gradual innovation in industry, hindered the radical innovation of science and technology. The direction of policy adjustment and system reform depends on the choice between the superior industries and the innovation pattern. These are important implications for China’s innovation drive.