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摘 要:在当前的小学英语课堂教学中,大部分教师比较注重学生语言知识和语言技能的提高,而忽略了思维品质的培养。为此,为了提高小学英语课堂教学质量,文章针对学生在小学英语课堂中思维品质的培养提出了相应的改进对策,教师可尝试在教学中运用以图导学、以图设境、以图续文等教学活动,培养学生的思维品质。
关键词:插图;思维品质;思维能力
思维品质是有智慧的思维活动方式,其涵盖了思维逻辑力、思维创造力等多个方面,是学生智力发展的突破口。《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》(以下简称《课标》)中亦明确指出合理开发利用英语课程资源,是培养学生思维品质的重要途径。PEP教材里的内容源于学生生活,以学生所熟悉的情景插图切入教学,能更好地引导他们拓宽视野和思路,从而激活思维能力。
一、以图导学,激活学生思维
插图给人直观的视觉效果,能灵活地导入教学内容,有助于学生更好地理解教材内容,学生在理解插图的过程可以充分激活他们的思维。
(一)揣摩图片预测内容,激发思维乐趣
在五、六年级的教材中,有些课文的篇幅较长,新单词含量大,如果立刻让学生进行阅读,他们会觉得难以理解,以致兴味索然。为吸引他们的兴趣,笔者适当运用课文中的插图设计多元的问题或活动,让学生在揣摩图片中探寻想象与思考的乐趣。比如执教PEP Book Unit 4 Then and now. Read and write: What a dream! 时,教师可在阅读前引导学生根据文本初印象进行预测和构想,并提出问题:
T: Look at the pictures. What can you see? Who are they? What did they do?
S1: I can see Wu Yifan, his father and his dog. I see a cheater, too.
S2: Wu Yifan ran and fell down.
S3: At first, Wu Yifan ran with a cheater. Then he ran with his father and the dog. At last he fell down.
T: From the picture, we know Wu Yifan ran faster than the cheater. How could he run so fast?
S4: Maybe he drank some magic water.
S5: From picture 1, I think this is a dream. We can do super things in the dream.
T: Why did Wu Yifan want to run so fast? How do you know that?
教师以图片为蓝本,逐层深入设置带有挑战性又不乏趣味性的问题。学生在读图的过程联想当时的语境,通过观察、预测、联想和揣摩之后积极作答,不同的答案使学生互相得到启发,形成良好的氛围。在这个教学环节中,教师培养了学生读图、猜测等阅读技能,激发了学生的思维乐趣。
(二)观察图片感知主题,启发联想性思维
联想性思维是人脑由于某种诱因,对不同事物自发形成联系的一种思维活动。PEP教材中每个单元的main scene主题情境图能呈现整个单元的教学内容,让学生带着任务认真观察main scene的插图以激起学生对语言知识的疑问,学生在此过程中感知本单元学习的主题,启发学生的联想性思维。笔者在教授PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part A. Let’s talk时,先呈现主题情境图,并提出问题:
T: Who are they? Where are they? What’s in the picture?
S1: They are Miss White and the student. They are in a park.
S2: I see a map. The park is so big. There are many trees and flowers in the picture.
T: Do you like this park?
Ss: Yes, of course.
T: Why do you like this park?
S3: Because the water in the river is clean. There are many fish in the river.
S4: Because I can play on the grass ...
在教师“图片+语言”的引导下,学生积极思考激活已有知识,他们就图片展开讨论得出各种答案,启发了联想思维。
二、以图设境,引导学生思维
《课标》中还提出,要让学生在相应的合适语境中接触、感受并理解真实语言。PEP教材里的插图大多形象直观,教师适当地运用课文中的插图设置贴近他们生活的情境,激活他们的背景知识,可以使学生尽快进入学习语言的好状态中。
比如,PEP Book 5 Unit 3 What would you like? A. Let’s learn一课的内容是關于ice cream等几个食物单词的教学,在师生在进行简单的free talk后,教师借助课文的主题情境图,一边观察一边回答提问:
T: Look at the picture. Who are they? S1: They are Mike and his classmates.
T: Where are they?
S2: They are in the canteen.
T: Why do they take turns in the canteen?
S3: Because they want to order the food.
T: If you’re Sarah, what will you say to the waiter?
S4: I want to eat some ...
S5: I’d like some ...
教师通过这个单元主题情境图创设canteen的情境,并抛出问题引导学生思考,对话题展开预热,然后以饭堂点餐作为背景环境,引出操练语句:What would you like to eat? I’d like ...。用情境带动学生思维发展,使他们的后续学习更得心应手。
三、以图续文,拓展学生思维
拓展环节是小学英语课堂教学中常见的教学活动,教师可以针对文本及授课对象的特点设计多样化的扩展活动,让学生联系已学知识,开展综合性语言输出实践,内容大多是结合教材插图延续文本,设置交流、转述和创编等教学活动,鼓励学生发挥想象,拓展思维。
(一)看图交流,促发聚合性思维
聚合性思维是整合并分析相关信息,再而得出正确答案或者有效解决方案的过程。在小学英语课堂教学中,教师要善于用插图设置开放性问题,学生结合图片带着思考和同组成员或私下找同伴进行交流,讨论后形成一致的见解。PEP Book 5 Unit 5 There is a big bed. B. Read and write讲的是Mr.Jones搬到了一间旧房子,但是房子很脏乱,请Robin帮忙搞清洁、整理房间。对此,教师在教学完文本后,提出问题:
T: Do you like this room? Why? What kind of room do you like? What should we do in our room?
S1: I like this room. Because it’s near the park. I can go to the park everyday.
S2: I don’t like this room. Because it’s too dirty.
S3: Me too. We should keep it clean.
S4: I don’t like this room. Maybe it’s far from the school.
S5: I like this room. Because there are many trees near it. The air is fresh.
...
教师让学生在理解文本的基础上开展基于问题式的小组讨论。各组员互动交流、分享和修正自己的观点,并把自己觉得房间物品该如何摆设的说出来、写下来。在这个教学环节中,学生的思维得到碰撞,就是促发聚合性思维的过程。
(二)看图转述,推进再造性思维
再造性思维亦称“常规性思维”,指人们将已有的知识储备进行迁移,按照新思路去处理和解决问题的过程。转述语篇是训练学生再造性思维的方法之一,而插图可以帮助學生进行转述课文,降低难度,运用本课所学知识重构文本。如在PEP Book 8 Unit 4 Read and write中,笔者根据教学内容设置了如下任务,让学生根据提示进行文本重构。具体操作如下:
T: Now, suppose you are Wu Yifan. Let’s try to retell his dream.First, try to tell the story to your partner. You can use the following words and sentence for help.
学生仔细观察图画,借助文本提示,再次回顾文本转述故事,并且要注意根据人物心情的变化而运用不同的语调。这种文本重构能让学生把对故事的理解具象化,在外显中有效提高学生的再造性思维。
(三)看图创编,培养创造性思维
学生在进行语言输入之后,通过记忆、分析、综合、思辨和创新,将所学的语言内化成自己的知识,才可习得语言,这是思维的创造性。教师应根据教学实际,妥善使用教材插图设计拓展活动,开拓学生的思维能力。因此,笔者会针对性收集各种相关的学生感兴趣的话题情境,并根据学生的语言水平结合教学话题开展拓展训练。如PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part B. Let’s talk一课,笔者在完成课文对话教学后,呈现主题情境图。
T: Boys and girls, Miss White and the students are in the big nature park. The kids want to know some other things about the nature park. Please make new dialogues according to the picture with your partners in your group. And then show to us.
学生在小组操练完后,对全班进行展示,如:
S1: Children. Look, this nature park is so big. S2: Is there any lake in this park?
S1: Yes, there is a big lake near the mountain. And there are many fish in the lake.
S3: Are there any monkeys in the mountain?
S1: No, there aren’t. But there are many birds here. They often sing in the trees.
S4: Are there any houses in this park?
S1: Yes, there are some small houses. Some farmers live in the houses.
There is a small farm near the houses.
S2: Are there any vegetables on the farm?
S1: Yes, there are some tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots. And there are some lemon trees, too.
學生在创编对话的过程中,不断地重组已有信息,并结合知识经验构建对话内容,整个揉碎重组的过程,是学生语言能力和创造性思维提升的最好体现。
四、结束语
在英语课堂教学中,教师研读教材、挖掘资源,为指向思维品质的英语课堂出谋划策,其方法包括运用教材插图创设情境、文本延续等等,帮助学生更好地理解非母语语言,加深对文本的理解和认知,促进对语言的运用和吸收,在培养学生思维能力的同时,也提升了综合语言运用能力。
■参考文献
[1]方晓倩.在小学英语对话教学中培养学生思维能力的实践[J].中小学外语教学(小学版),2017(02).
[2]朱清清.利用教材插图培养学生思维品质的实践与思考[J].中小学外语教学(小学版),2017(06).
[3]徐晓鸣.利用教材插图促进学生语篇学习的教学实践[J].中小学英语教学(小学版),2015(03).
[4]李玫.词汇教学与联想思维[J].甘肃教育,2011(11).
[5]黄希庭.心理学导论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1991.
关键词:插图;思维品质;思维能力
思维品质是有智慧的思维活动方式,其涵盖了思维逻辑力、思维创造力等多个方面,是学生智力发展的突破口。《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》(以下简称《课标》)中亦明确指出合理开发利用英语课程资源,是培养学生思维品质的重要途径。PEP教材里的内容源于学生生活,以学生所熟悉的情景插图切入教学,能更好地引导他们拓宽视野和思路,从而激活思维能力。
一、以图导学,激活学生思维
插图给人直观的视觉效果,能灵活地导入教学内容,有助于学生更好地理解教材内容,学生在理解插图的过程可以充分激活他们的思维。
(一)揣摩图片预测内容,激发思维乐趣
在五、六年级的教材中,有些课文的篇幅较长,新单词含量大,如果立刻让学生进行阅读,他们会觉得难以理解,以致兴味索然。为吸引他们的兴趣,笔者适当运用课文中的插图设计多元的问题或活动,让学生在揣摩图片中探寻想象与思考的乐趣。比如执教PEP Book Unit 4 Then and now. Read and write: What a dream! 时,教师可在阅读前引导学生根据文本初印象进行预测和构想,并提出问题:
T: Look at the pictures. What can you see? Who are they? What did they do?
S1: I can see Wu Yifan, his father and his dog. I see a cheater, too.
S2: Wu Yifan ran and fell down.
S3: At first, Wu Yifan ran with a cheater. Then he ran with his father and the dog. At last he fell down.
T: From the picture, we know Wu Yifan ran faster than the cheater. How could he run so fast?
S4: Maybe he drank some magic water.
S5: From picture 1, I think this is a dream. We can do super things in the dream.
T: Why did Wu Yifan want to run so fast? How do you know that?
教师以图片为蓝本,逐层深入设置带有挑战性又不乏趣味性的问题。学生在读图的过程联想当时的语境,通过观察、预测、联想和揣摩之后积极作答,不同的答案使学生互相得到启发,形成良好的氛围。在这个教学环节中,教师培养了学生读图、猜测等阅读技能,激发了学生的思维乐趣。
(二)观察图片感知主题,启发联想性思维
联想性思维是人脑由于某种诱因,对不同事物自发形成联系的一种思维活动。PEP教材中每个单元的main scene主题情境图能呈现整个单元的教学内容,让学生带着任务认真观察main scene的插图以激起学生对语言知识的疑问,学生在此过程中感知本单元学习的主题,启发学生的联想性思维。笔者在教授PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part A. Let’s talk时,先呈现主题情境图,并提出问题:
T: Who are they? Where are they? What’s in the picture?
S1: They are Miss White and the student. They are in a park.
S2: I see a map. The park is so big. There are many trees and flowers in the picture.
T: Do you like this park?
Ss: Yes, of course.
T: Why do you like this park?
S3: Because the water in the river is clean. There are many fish in the river.
S4: Because I can play on the grass ...
在教师“图片+语言”的引导下,学生积极思考激活已有知识,他们就图片展开讨论得出各种答案,启发了联想思维。
二、以图设境,引导学生思维
《课标》中还提出,要让学生在相应的合适语境中接触、感受并理解真实语言。PEP教材里的插图大多形象直观,教师适当地运用课文中的插图设置贴近他们生活的情境,激活他们的背景知识,可以使学生尽快进入学习语言的好状态中。
比如,PEP Book 5 Unit 3 What would you like? A. Let’s learn一课的内容是關于ice cream等几个食物单词的教学,在师生在进行简单的free talk后,教师借助课文的主题情境图,一边观察一边回答提问:
T: Look at the picture. Who are they? S1: They are Mike and his classmates.
T: Where are they?
S2: They are in the canteen.
T: Why do they take turns in the canteen?
S3: Because they want to order the food.
T: If you’re Sarah, what will you say to the waiter?
S4: I want to eat some ...
S5: I’d like some ...
教师通过这个单元主题情境图创设canteen的情境,并抛出问题引导学生思考,对话题展开预热,然后以饭堂点餐作为背景环境,引出操练语句:What would you like to eat? I’d like ...。用情境带动学生思维发展,使他们的后续学习更得心应手。
三、以图续文,拓展学生思维
拓展环节是小学英语课堂教学中常见的教学活动,教师可以针对文本及授课对象的特点设计多样化的扩展活动,让学生联系已学知识,开展综合性语言输出实践,内容大多是结合教材插图延续文本,设置交流、转述和创编等教学活动,鼓励学生发挥想象,拓展思维。
(一)看图交流,促发聚合性思维
聚合性思维是整合并分析相关信息,再而得出正确答案或者有效解决方案的过程。在小学英语课堂教学中,教师要善于用插图设置开放性问题,学生结合图片带着思考和同组成员或私下找同伴进行交流,讨论后形成一致的见解。PEP Book 5 Unit 5 There is a big bed. B. Read and write讲的是Mr.Jones搬到了一间旧房子,但是房子很脏乱,请Robin帮忙搞清洁、整理房间。对此,教师在教学完文本后,提出问题:
T: Do you like this room? Why? What kind of room do you like? What should we do in our room?
S1: I like this room. Because it’s near the park. I can go to the park everyday.
S2: I don’t like this room. Because it’s too dirty.
S3: Me too. We should keep it clean.
S4: I don’t like this room. Maybe it’s far from the school.
S5: I like this room. Because there are many trees near it. The air is fresh.
...
教师让学生在理解文本的基础上开展基于问题式的小组讨论。各组员互动交流、分享和修正自己的观点,并把自己觉得房间物品该如何摆设的说出来、写下来。在这个教学环节中,学生的思维得到碰撞,就是促发聚合性思维的过程。
(二)看图转述,推进再造性思维
再造性思维亦称“常规性思维”,指人们将已有的知识储备进行迁移,按照新思路去处理和解决问题的过程。转述语篇是训练学生再造性思维的方法之一,而插图可以帮助學生进行转述课文,降低难度,运用本课所学知识重构文本。如在PEP Book 8 Unit 4 Read and write中,笔者根据教学内容设置了如下任务,让学生根据提示进行文本重构。具体操作如下:
T: Now, suppose you are Wu Yifan. Let’s try to retell his dream.First, try to tell the story to your partner. You can use the following words and sentence for help.
学生仔细观察图画,借助文本提示,再次回顾文本转述故事,并且要注意根据人物心情的变化而运用不同的语调。这种文本重构能让学生把对故事的理解具象化,在外显中有效提高学生的再造性思维。
(三)看图创编,培养创造性思维
学生在进行语言输入之后,通过记忆、分析、综合、思辨和创新,将所学的语言内化成自己的知识,才可习得语言,这是思维的创造性。教师应根据教学实际,妥善使用教材插图设计拓展活动,开拓学生的思维能力。因此,笔者会针对性收集各种相关的学生感兴趣的话题情境,并根据学生的语言水平结合教学话题开展拓展训练。如PEP Book 5 Unit 6 In a nature park Part B. Let’s talk一课,笔者在完成课文对话教学后,呈现主题情境图。
T: Boys and girls, Miss White and the students are in the big nature park. The kids want to know some other things about the nature park. Please make new dialogues according to the picture with your partners in your group. And then show to us.
学生在小组操练完后,对全班进行展示,如:
S1: Children. Look, this nature park is so big. S2: Is there any lake in this park?
S1: Yes, there is a big lake near the mountain. And there are many fish in the lake.
S3: Are there any monkeys in the mountain?
S1: No, there aren’t. But there are many birds here. They often sing in the trees.
S4: Are there any houses in this park?
S1: Yes, there are some small houses. Some farmers live in the houses.
There is a small farm near the houses.
S2: Are there any vegetables on the farm?
S1: Yes, there are some tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots. And there are some lemon trees, too.
學生在创编对话的过程中,不断地重组已有信息,并结合知识经验构建对话内容,整个揉碎重组的过程,是学生语言能力和创造性思维提升的最好体现。
四、结束语
在英语课堂教学中,教师研读教材、挖掘资源,为指向思维品质的英语课堂出谋划策,其方法包括运用教材插图创设情境、文本延续等等,帮助学生更好地理解非母语语言,加深对文本的理解和认知,促进对语言的运用和吸收,在培养学生思维能力的同时,也提升了综合语言运用能力。
■参考文献
[1]方晓倩.在小学英语对话教学中培养学生思维能力的实践[J].中小学外语教学(小学版),2017(02).
[2]朱清清.利用教材插图培养学生思维品质的实践与思考[J].中小学外语教学(小学版),2017(06).
[3]徐晓鸣.利用教材插图促进学生语篇学习的教学实践[J].中小学英语教学(小学版),2015(03).
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