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海底热液活动区微生物生态及其相关研究一直是近年来海洋地微生物学研究的热点之一。有关发现不断挑战着人们对微生物的代谢机理、生存极限、元素地球化学循环作用等方面的传统认识。与传统的富集培养方法相比,主要基于16S rRNA基因和特征性功能基因系统的发育分析等技术为研究这一极端环境中栖息的微生物群落提供了更为系统和全面的手段。这些技术包括基因文库构建(16S rRNA和其它功能基因)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)、荧光原位杂交(FISH)以及定量PCR等。目前,上述技术手段广泛应用于全球海底热液活动区地微生物学的研究,在丰富地球物种多样性、调查微生物参与的元素地球化学循环过程、研究微生物与矿物的相互作用以及生命起源与演化等方面取得了大量的研究成果。简要介绍了常规分子生物学技术的基本原理及其在海底热液活动区地微生物学研究中的应用现状。
Microbial ecology of seafloor hydrothermal activity area and its related research have been one of the hotspots in the field of marine microbiology in recent years. The discovery continues to challenge people’s traditional understanding of the metabolic mechanism of microorganisms, living limits, elements of the role of geochemical cycle. Compared with traditional enrichment methods, techniques based mainly on the developmental analysis of 16S rRNA genes and characteristic functional gene systems provide a more systematic and comprehensive tool for studying the microbial communities that inhabit this extreme environment. These include gene library construction (16S rRNA and other functional genes), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR . At present, the above techniques are widely applied to the study of microbiology in the global seafloor hydrothermal activity area, enriching the diversity of the earth’s species, investigating the elemental geochemical cycle involved in the microorganism, studying the interaction between microorganisms and minerals, and the origin and evolution of life Have made a lot of research results. The basic principles of conventional molecular biology techniques and their applications in the study of microbiology in the hydrothermal zone of the seafloor are briefly introduced.