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根据《2010年新高考的考试说明》，新高考的英语试卷满分共120分，而阅读理解占了其中的50分。单从分值上，我们可以很明显地看出阅读理解的重要性。那么如何提高学生在阅读理解题上的得分率就成了我们这些高三英语老师们必须要解决的几个重大问题之一。而考试说明又对阅读理解做了详细的要求。根据上下文推斷词义在历年的高考试卷的阅读理解中一般占4-6分，也就是2-3个题目。
一、 猜测词义题目类型
1．对考纲内熟词新义的猜测
I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (04全国卷)
“cloud” means “_____________________.”
2．对代词的猜测
The chances opened up by trade are vast, she argues, but free markets need the correcting force of politics to keep them in check.（06全国卷）
“them” refers to “________________.”
3．对句义的猜测
The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn.(07四川卷)
By saying “the brain at any age is highly plastic”, the writer means the brain can be _____.
A. used B. mastered C. developed D. researched
4．对考纲外生词的猜测
Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Jim, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
“polyglot” most probably means “_______________.”
二、 常见的猜测词义题设问方式
1．The underlined word is closest in meaning to the word…? (07上海卷)
2．We can learn from the underlined part… that…(06辽宁卷)
3．Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word… as it is used in the text?(03全国卷)
4．By saying…, the author means to say that…(07 四川卷)
5．The underlined sentence in… paragraph implies/ refers to/ means …
三、 解题策略
策略一：根据生活常识
生活常识是指一般人通过生活实践而学会的知识，而有些猜测词义题我们就可以根据生活中所积累的常识来做题。例如：
1．Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.
“beak” here means ______________.
根据常识我们知道，鸟用翅膀飞翔，用喙来叼起食物，并且吃掉食物。所以这个题目我们可以很容易的猜测出来“beak”指的是鸟的嘴巴，也就是喙。
策略二：根据逻辑联系
逻辑联系包括：定义关系，对比关系，因果关系，类比关系，同位语关系等等。
1．Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.
这个题目属于同义关系，由句中的词“similarly”（类似地）可得知。又有前文的关键短语“love to talk”，得知“loquacious”应该是和“love to talk”具有相近的意义，因此我们可以得出“loquacious”指的是爱说话的意思。常见表示同义关系的信号词： and ,or ,such as, like，for example, for instance等。
2．It will be very hard but also very brittle——that is, it will break easily.
3．The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.
4．A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.
5．We are on the night shift ——from midnight to 8 a.m.——this week.
这几个题目是属于定义或释义关系。第2题中，有个关键的短语“that is”(也就是说)。可得知“brittle”的意思就是“that is ”后面的句子“it will break easily”，就是易碎的。第3题中，有一个定语从句“who looks after sheep”，这也就告诉我们“herdsman”的意思是牧羊人。第4题中，有个关键词“is”（是）。所以后面的短语“a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year”也就是“calendar”的意思，日历。第5题中有两个破折号，这是对“night shift”意思的解释，所以它的意思就是“from midnight to 8 a.m.”，夜班。常见表示定义或释义关系的信号词：定语从句，同位语，冒号，破折号， is，or，that is (to say), in other words，be called，be known as, be defined as等。
策略三：根据上下文，猜测词义。
有时候在一个单独的句子中很难猜测出一个生词的意思，但如果我们把这个句子同它的前后几个句子联系起来就能够轻松而准确地猜测出这个词的意义来。如：
1．Jane is usually prompt.
A．late B．on time C．pleased
单从这一个句子我们很难猜测出“prompt”的意思。但如果再给它一些信息，就能够明确一点。如：Jane is usually prompt for her classes．这个句子得到的信息比第一个句子要丰富一些，但还是不够，于是就有了第三个句子：
Jane is usually prompt for all her classes，but she arrived in the middle of her first class.
由这个句子我们就能够准确地猜测出来“prompt”的意思是准时的，所以答案选C。这个策略就要求学会看文章时，不能够一个句一个句子独立开来看而要结合相关的几个句子甚至是一个段落，来得出作者要表达的准确意思，从而能够准确地猜测出某个生词的意思。
结束语
猜测词义的能力不仅在考试时很重要，就连我们平时阅读英语文章时也很用。有些学生在读英语文章时，一碰到生词就去查词典。一旦养成这样的习惯，在平时阅读时就会特别地去注意那些不认识的词，这样就会减慢了阅读速度。而我们要求学生对于那些不影响阅读的生词要选择忽略，而不是逐个去查词典。如果长期依赖词典，在考试的过程会因没有词典而产生心理恐惧，从而对作题也会产生不好的影响。因此培养学生们能根据语境去猜测生词的意思是一个刻不容缓的任务。
参考文献
[1]教育部：《2009年浙江省普通高考考试说明（英语）》，2008年12月.
[2]《英语单词构词法研究》.
[3]杨曙霞：《How to guess unknown words 》, JOURNAL OF HEBEI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(EDITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE)， 2006年 .
一、 猜测词义题目类型
1．对考纲内熟词新义的猜测
I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (04全国卷)
“cloud” means “_____________________.”
2．对代词的猜测
The chances opened up by trade are vast, she argues, but free markets need the correcting force of politics to keep them in check.（06全国卷）
“them” refers to “________________.”
3．对句义的猜测
The biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic. If you ask your brain to learn, it will learn.(07四川卷)
By saying “the brain at any age is highly plastic”, the writer means the brain can be _____.
A. used B. mastered C. developed D. researched
4．对考纲外生词的猜测
Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Jim, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
“polyglot” most probably means “_______________.”
二、 常见的猜测词义题设问方式
1．The underlined word is closest in meaning to the word…? (07上海卷)
2．We can learn from the underlined part… that…(06辽宁卷)
3．Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word… as it is used in the text?(03全国卷)
4．By saying…, the author means to say that…(07 四川卷)
5．The underlined sentence in… paragraph implies/ refers to/ means …
三、 解题策略
策略一：根据生活常识
生活常识是指一般人通过生活实践而学会的知识，而有些猜测词义题我们就可以根据生活中所积累的常识来做题。例如：
1．Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.
“beak” here means ______________.
根据常识我们知道，鸟用翅膀飞翔，用喙来叼起食物，并且吃掉食物。所以这个题目我们可以很容易的猜测出来“beak”指的是鸟的嘴巴，也就是喙。
策略二：根据逻辑联系
逻辑联系包括：定义关系，对比关系，因果关系，类比关系，同位语关系等等。
1．Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.
这个题目属于同义关系，由句中的词“similarly”（类似地）可得知。又有前文的关键短语“love to talk”，得知“loquacious”应该是和“love to talk”具有相近的意义，因此我们可以得出“loquacious”指的是爱说话的意思。常见表示同义关系的信号词： and ,or ,such as, like，for example, for instance等。
2．It will be very hard but also very brittle——that is, it will break easily.
3．The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.
4．A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.
5．We are on the night shift ——from midnight to 8 a.m.——this week.
这几个题目是属于定义或释义关系。第2题中，有个关键的短语“that is”(也就是说)。可得知“brittle”的意思就是“that is ”后面的句子“it will break easily”，就是易碎的。第3题中，有一个定语从句“who looks after sheep”，这也就告诉我们“herdsman”的意思是牧羊人。第4题中，有个关键词“is”（是）。所以后面的短语“a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year”也就是“calendar”的意思，日历。第5题中有两个破折号，这是对“night shift”意思的解释，所以它的意思就是“from midnight to 8 a.m.”，夜班。常见表示定义或释义关系的信号词：定语从句，同位语，冒号，破折号， is，or，that is (to say), in other words，be called，be known as, be defined as等。
策略三：根据上下文，猜测词义。
有时候在一个单独的句子中很难猜测出一个生词的意思，但如果我们把这个句子同它的前后几个句子联系起来就能够轻松而准确地猜测出这个词的意义来。如：
1．Jane is usually prompt.
A．late B．on time C．pleased
单从这一个句子我们很难猜测出“prompt”的意思。但如果再给它一些信息，就能够明确一点。如：Jane is usually prompt for her classes．这个句子得到的信息比第一个句子要丰富一些，但还是不够，于是就有了第三个句子：
Jane is usually prompt for all her classes，but she arrived in the middle of her first class.
由这个句子我们就能够准确地猜测出来“prompt”的意思是准时的，所以答案选C。这个策略就要求学会看文章时，不能够一个句一个句子独立开来看而要结合相关的几个句子甚至是一个段落，来得出作者要表达的准确意思，从而能够准确地猜测出某个生词的意思。
结束语
猜测词义的能力不仅在考试时很重要，就连我们平时阅读英语文章时也很用。有些学生在读英语文章时，一碰到生词就去查词典。一旦养成这样的习惯，在平时阅读时就会特别地去注意那些不认识的词，这样就会减慢了阅读速度。而我们要求学生对于那些不影响阅读的生词要选择忽略，而不是逐个去查词典。如果长期依赖词典，在考试的过程会因没有词典而产生心理恐惧，从而对作题也会产生不好的影响。因此培养学生们能根据语境去猜测生词的意思是一个刻不容缓的任务。
参考文献
[1]教育部：《2009年浙江省普通高考考试说明（英语）》，2008年12月.
[2]《英语单词构词法研究》.
[3]杨曙霞：《How to guess unknown words 》, JOURNAL OF HEBEI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(EDITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE)， 2006年 .