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[摘要] 目的 探討2型糖尿病肾病患者尿液pH值检测的临床意义。 方法 选择2糖尿病患者301例和健康体检者131例,记录2糖尿病病程、测量患者血压、计算BMI指数,入院当天留取晨尿检测尿微量白蛋白、尿肌酐、尿液常规,采血检测血清生化指标、血常规指标,计算尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR),并将2糖尿病患者分组:正常白蛋白尿(A组)160例、微量白蛋白尿(B组)70例、大量白蛋白尿(C组)71例,分析并比较不同组别各指标的差异,Spearman相关分析尿液pH值与其他指标之间的相关性。 结果 除了男女比例、HDL-C、LDL-C、PLT、ALT、AST、舒张压外,不同病情糖尿病患者基线指标的总体差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。不同病情2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值[A、B、C组分别为(5.64±0.59)、(5.72±0.71)、(5.86±0.75)]均显著低于正常对照组(6.18±0.34)(P均<0.05)。随着糖尿病肾病病情进展,尿液pH值逐渐升高,但各组之间的检测值有重叠,其中A与B组、B与C组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。经Spearman相关分析,发现糖尿病患者尿液pH值与收缩压呈正相关(r=0.15,P<0.05),而与血清TBIL、UA、ALB呈负相关(r分别为-0.17、-0.18、-0.14,P均<0.05)。 结论 2糖尿病患者的尿液pH值较正常人明显下降,但随着DN的病情进展,尿液pH值呈逐渐升高的趋势。
[关键词] 2型糖尿病;肾病;尿液pH值;白蛋白尿
[中图分类号] R000 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)19-0132-03
Study on the correlation between urine pH value and type 2 diabetic nephropathy
ZHOU Yong1 YING Li2 XU Jiajia1 ZHANG Yaqiong1
1.Department of Clinical Laboratory,Taizhou Central Hospital(Taizhou University Hospital),Taizhou 318000,China;2.Department of Nursing, Taizhou Central Hospital(Taizhou University Hospital),Taizhou 318000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance of urine pH value in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Methods A total of 301 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) and 131 healthy controls were enrolled. The course of type 2 diabetes mellitus was recorded and blood pressure was measured. BMI index was calculated. On the day of admission,urinary microalbuminuria and creatinine and urine routine were detected using morning urine samples, and serum biochemical indicators and blood routine indicators were measured using blood samples.Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio(UACR) was calculated, and then the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups: 160 cases of normal albuminuria (group A), 70 cases of microalbuminuria(group B), 71 cases of large albuminuria(group C). The differences of each indicator among different groups were analyzed and compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between urine pH value and other indexes. Results Except the ratio of male to female, HDL-C, LDL-C, PLT,ALT, AST and diastolic blood pressure,other baseline indicators were statistically significant(all P<0.05) among DM patients with different disease conditions. The urine pH values of DM patients with different disease conditions were(5.64±0.59), (5.72±0.71) and(5.86±0.75) in group A, B and C respectively,which were significantly lower than those in normal control group(6.18±0.34)(P<0.05). With the progress of diabetic nephropathy, urine pH value gradually increased, but the values between the groups overlapped, and there were no significant difference between group A and B, B and C(all P<0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between urine pH value and systolic blood pressure(r=0.15, P<0.05), but urine pH value negatively correlated with serum TBIL, UA and ALB(r=-0.17, -0.18, -0.14, P<0.05). Conclusion The urine pH value of patients with type 2 DM decreased significantly compared with normal controls; but with the progress of DN, urine pH value showed a gradual increase trend. [Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus;Nephropathy;Urine pH value;Albuminuria
糖尿病是目前危害全世界人类健康的居首位的非传染性疾病(noncommunicable diseases,NCD)之一,依据国际糖尿病联盟最近统计的统计数据,2011年全世界糖尿病患者已近3.7亿,其中4/5在经济欠发达的发展中国家,至2030年全世界将有5.5亿的糖尿病患者。糖尿病患者随着疾病的进展,将带来多种机体代谢功能的紊乱,包括葡萄糖、蛋白质及脂质代谢等,出现多种急性或慢性并发症,由此导致不同组织、器官内的血管损害。其中糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病患者的常见并发症之一[1],是引起终末期肾病的重要因素[2-3]。糖尿病肾病的发病特点是肾小球的的高滤过,继而出现微量白蛋白尿,随着肾小管间质纤维化的发生和加深,导致肾功能的全面下降和恶化[4-5]。遗传因素、代谢因素、血流动力学改变以及免疫因素等均参与了 DN的发生发展[6-12]。尿液pH值与肾小管的酸化功能密切相关,既往研究认为糖尿病患者易出现尿液pH值下降[13],但尿液pH值与DN的关系仍待探讨。本研究旨在探讨2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值变化的影响因素,为进一步的机制研究提供循证学依据。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
选择2014年3月~2016年12月本院2型糖尿病(均符合WHO诊断标准)住院患者301例,其中男176例,女125例,年龄20~90岁,平均(61.06±13.48)岁。排除标准:(1)Ⅰ型、继发性糖尿病患者;(2)近3个月内出现糖尿病相关急性并发症者;(3)其他肾脏疾病者。同时自健康体检中心选择年龄和性别相仿的检查者131例设为正常对照组。
1.2 方法
记录2型糖尿病病程、测量患者血压、计算BMI指数[BMI= =体重(kg)/身高2(m2)],入院当天留取晨尿检测尿微量白蛋白和尿肌酐(仪器为西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪和配套试剂盒)、尿液常规(仪器为FUS-2000尿液分析仪和配套试剂盒),采血检测血清生化指标(仪器为西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪和配套试剂盒)、血常规指标(仪器为Sysmex i2000全自动血液分析仪和配套试剂盒)。计算尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR),据此分为三组:正常白蛋白尿(A组)160例(UACR<30 mg/g);微量白蛋白尿(B组)70例(UACR30~300 mg/g);大量白蛋白尿(C组)71例(UACR>30 mg/g)。正常对照组均留取晨尿进行尿液常规检查。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据处理。计量资料采用(x±s)(正态分布者)和中位数(四分位数间距)(偏态分布者)表示,多组均数的比较采用方差分析和Kruskal-Walis H非参数检验;计数资料采用例数表示,率的比较采用χ2检验。采用Spearman秩相关分析尿液pH值与其他指标之间的相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组2型糖尿病患者基线指标特点
除性别比例、HDL-C、LDL-C、PLT、ALT、AST、舒张压外,多个实验室指标与糖尿病肾病轻重相关(P均<0.05)。见表1。
2.2不同病情2型糖尿病患者和正常对照组尿液pH值比较
不同病情2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值[A、B、C组分别为(5.64±0.59)、(5.72±0.71)、(5.86±0.75)]均显著低于正常对照组(6.18±0.34)(P均<0.05)。随着糖尿病肾病病情进展,尿液pH值逐渐升高,但各组之间的检测值有重叠,其中A与B组、B与C组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。
2.3 尿液pH值与其他指标之间的相关性分析
经Spearman相关分析,发现2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值与收缩压呈正相关(r=0.15,P<0.05),而与血清TBIL、UA、ALB呈负相关(r分别为-0.17、-0.18、-0.14, P均<0.05)。
3 讨论
流行病学调查结果表明,2型糖尿病的DN患病率超过30%[14],但DN的早期症状并不典型,极易出现漏诊,及至出现明显蛋白尿时现有治疗手段将很难逆转肾脏的损害。因此,DN的早期诊断并对症治疗十分重要。尿液分析作为临床常规检查项目,具有价格较低廉且非侵入性等优点,但实践工作中临床医生对尿液pH值的重视往往不够,尿液pH值与2型糖尿病以及其进展的相关性目前仍不十分明确。
本文研究结果表明,不同病情2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值均显著低于正常对照组,与既往国内外的研究结论一致[15-16],糖尿病患者尿静酸排泄(net acid excretion,NAE)增加而NH3的分泌下降导致尿液的过度酸性。Nakanishi N等[17]通过对1811例健康体检者随访7.7年,发现尿液低pH值是发生3期CKD(chronic kidney disease)的独立危险因素。尿液pH的改变与尿中氢离子(H )浓度的变换密切相关,血液中H 增加(酸中毒)或继发于肾小管分泌到尿液中H 增加将引起尿液pH下降;酸中毒以各种形式出现,包括呼吸性酸中毒和代谢性酸中毒,后者则主要是因为尿液中铵盐的减少所导致[15]。Mehta TH等[18]认为糖尿病和糖耐量受损人群,尿液pH值下降与肾小管酸化功能障碍有关,正常情况下胰岛素可通过刺激肾小管合成NH3与Na -H 交换,调节NH3的排泄影响尿液pH水平;一旦发生胰岛素抵抗,将影响体内酸碱平衡和肾小管浓缩稀释功能,导致尿液pH的改变[19]。
但需要指出的是,本研究结果提示随着糖尿病肾病病情的进展,尿液pH值逐渐升高(虽然各组之间的检测值有重叠)。为探讨其中原因,本文进行Spearman相关分析,发现糖尿病患者尿液pH值与收缩压呈正相关,而与血清TBIL、UA、ALB呈负相关。实际上对通过基线指标的分析,本研究发现随着糖尿病肾病的进展,TBIL、ALB逐渐下降,而收缩压和UA逐渐升高,除了UA的变化趋势可引起尿液pH值降低外,其余指标(TBIL、ALB和收缩压)的变化均可导致尿液pH值的升高,综合各种因素的共同作用,最终导致尿液pH值的逐渐升高。Ogawa S等[20]也认为血清高尿酸与尿液低pH值密切相关(Spearman相关分析的r=-0.18,P<0.05),与本文观点一致。目前关于2型糖尿病肾病进展与尿液pH值的研究目前尚未有報道,将来仍需要大样本的、多中心研究对本文结论予以确认。 鑒于本文只从临床角度分析了可能影响DN患者尿pH变化的因素,故相关解释仍缺乏理论支撑,关于DN的病理生理改变影响尿液pH改变的具体过程和机制仍有待深入探讨。总之,2型糖尿病患者的尿液pH值较正常人明显下降,但随着DN的病情进展,尿液pH值呈逐渐升高的趋势。临床医生应密切关注尿液pH值的变化,以期早期肾病的发现。
参考文献
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(收稿日期:2018-02-21)
[关键词] 2型糖尿病;肾病;尿液pH值;白蛋白尿
[中图分类号] R000 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)19-0132-03
Study on the correlation between urine pH value and type 2 diabetic nephropathy
ZHOU Yong1 YING Li2 XU Jiajia1 ZHANG Yaqiong1
1.Department of Clinical Laboratory,Taizhou Central Hospital(Taizhou University Hospital),Taizhou 318000,China;2.Department of Nursing, Taizhou Central Hospital(Taizhou University Hospital),Taizhou 318000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance of urine pH value in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Methods A total of 301 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) and 131 healthy controls were enrolled. The course of type 2 diabetes mellitus was recorded and blood pressure was measured. BMI index was calculated. On the day of admission,urinary microalbuminuria and creatinine and urine routine were detected using morning urine samples, and serum biochemical indicators and blood routine indicators were measured using blood samples.Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio(UACR) was calculated, and then the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups: 160 cases of normal albuminuria (group A), 70 cases of microalbuminuria(group B), 71 cases of large albuminuria(group C). The differences of each indicator among different groups were analyzed and compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between urine pH value and other indexes. Results Except the ratio of male to female, HDL-C, LDL-C, PLT,ALT, AST and diastolic blood pressure,other baseline indicators were statistically significant(all P<0.05) among DM patients with different disease conditions. The urine pH values of DM patients with different disease conditions were(5.64±0.59), (5.72±0.71) and(5.86±0.75) in group A, B and C respectively,which were significantly lower than those in normal control group(6.18±0.34)(P<0.05). With the progress of diabetic nephropathy, urine pH value gradually increased, but the values between the groups overlapped, and there were no significant difference between group A and B, B and C(all P<0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between urine pH value and systolic blood pressure(r=0.15, P<0.05), but urine pH value negatively correlated with serum TBIL, UA and ALB(r=-0.17, -0.18, -0.14, P<0.05). Conclusion The urine pH value of patients with type 2 DM decreased significantly compared with normal controls; but with the progress of DN, urine pH value showed a gradual increase trend. [Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus;Nephropathy;Urine pH value;Albuminuria
糖尿病是目前危害全世界人类健康的居首位的非传染性疾病(noncommunicable diseases,NCD)之一,依据国际糖尿病联盟最近统计的统计数据,2011年全世界糖尿病患者已近3.7亿,其中4/5在经济欠发达的发展中国家,至2030年全世界将有5.5亿的糖尿病患者。糖尿病患者随着疾病的进展,将带来多种机体代谢功能的紊乱,包括葡萄糖、蛋白质及脂质代谢等,出现多种急性或慢性并发症,由此导致不同组织、器官内的血管损害。其中糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病患者的常见并发症之一[1],是引起终末期肾病的重要因素[2-3]。糖尿病肾病的发病特点是肾小球的的高滤过,继而出现微量白蛋白尿,随着肾小管间质纤维化的发生和加深,导致肾功能的全面下降和恶化[4-5]。遗传因素、代谢因素、血流动力学改变以及免疫因素等均参与了 DN的发生发展[6-12]。尿液pH值与肾小管的酸化功能密切相关,既往研究认为糖尿病患者易出现尿液pH值下降[13],但尿液pH值与DN的关系仍待探讨。本研究旨在探讨2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值变化的影响因素,为进一步的机制研究提供循证学依据。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
选择2014年3月~2016年12月本院2型糖尿病(均符合WHO诊断标准)住院患者301例,其中男176例,女125例,年龄20~90岁,平均(61.06±13.48)岁。排除标准:(1)Ⅰ型、继发性糖尿病患者;(2)近3个月内出现糖尿病相关急性并发症者;(3)其他肾脏疾病者。同时自健康体检中心选择年龄和性别相仿的检查者131例设为正常对照组。
1.2 方法
记录2型糖尿病病程、测量患者血压、计算BMI指数[BMI= =体重(kg)/身高2(m2)],入院当天留取晨尿检测尿微量白蛋白和尿肌酐(仪器为西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪和配套试剂盒)、尿液常规(仪器为FUS-2000尿液分析仪和配套试剂盒),采血检测血清生化指标(仪器为西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪和配套试剂盒)、血常规指标(仪器为Sysmex i2000全自动血液分析仪和配套试剂盒)。计算尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR),据此分为三组:正常白蛋白尿(A组)160例(UACR<30 mg/g);微量白蛋白尿(B组)70例(UACR30~300 mg/g);大量白蛋白尿(C组)71例(UACR>30 mg/g)。正常对照组均留取晨尿进行尿液常规检查。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据处理。计量资料采用(x±s)(正态分布者)和中位数(四分位数间距)(偏态分布者)表示,多组均数的比较采用方差分析和Kruskal-Walis H非参数检验;计数资料采用例数表示,率的比较采用χ2检验。采用Spearman秩相关分析尿液pH值与其他指标之间的相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组2型糖尿病患者基线指标特点
除性别比例、HDL-C、LDL-C、PLT、ALT、AST、舒张压外,多个实验室指标与糖尿病肾病轻重相关(P均<0.05)。见表1。
2.2不同病情2型糖尿病患者和正常对照组尿液pH值比较
不同病情2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值[A、B、C组分别为(5.64±0.59)、(5.72±0.71)、(5.86±0.75)]均显著低于正常对照组(6.18±0.34)(P均<0.05)。随着糖尿病肾病病情进展,尿液pH值逐渐升高,但各组之间的检测值有重叠,其中A与B组、B与C组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。
2.3 尿液pH值与其他指标之间的相关性分析
经Spearman相关分析,发现2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值与收缩压呈正相关(r=0.15,P<0.05),而与血清TBIL、UA、ALB呈负相关(r分别为-0.17、-0.18、-0.14, P均<0.05)。
3 讨论
流行病学调查结果表明,2型糖尿病的DN患病率超过30%[14],但DN的早期症状并不典型,极易出现漏诊,及至出现明显蛋白尿时现有治疗手段将很难逆转肾脏的损害。因此,DN的早期诊断并对症治疗十分重要。尿液分析作为临床常规检查项目,具有价格较低廉且非侵入性等优点,但实践工作中临床医生对尿液pH值的重视往往不够,尿液pH值与2型糖尿病以及其进展的相关性目前仍不十分明确。
本文研究结果表明,不同病情2型糖尿病患者尿液pH值均显著低于正常对照组,与既往国内外的研究结论一致[15-16],糖尿病患者尿静酸排泄(net acid excretion,NAE)增加而NH3的分泌下降导致尿液的过度酸性。Nakanishi N等[17]通过对1811例健康体检者随访7.7年,发现尿液低pH值是发生3期CKD(chronic kidney disease)的独立危险因素。尿液pH的改变与尿中氢离子(H )浓度的变换密切相关,血液中H 增加(酸中毒)或继发于肾小管分泌到尿液中H 增加将引起尿液pH下降;酸中毒以各种形式出现,包括呼吸性酸中毒和代谢性酸中毒,后者则主要是因为尿液中铵盐的减少所导致[15]。Mehta TH等[18]认为糖尿病和糖耐量受损人群,尿液pH值下降与肾小管酸化功能障碍有关,正常情况下胰岛素可通过刺激肾小管合成NH3与Na -H 交换,调节NH3的排泄影响尿液pH水平;一旦发生胰岛素抵抗,将影响体内酸碱平衡和肾小管浓缩稀释功能,导致尿液pH的改变[19]。
但需要指出的是,本研究结果提示随着糖尿病肾病病情的进展,尿液pH值逐渐升高(虽然各组之间的检测值有重叠)。为探讨其中原因,本文进行Spearman相关分析,发现糖尿病患者尿液pH值与收缩压呈正相关,而与血清TBIL、UA、ALB呈负相关。实际上对通过基线指标的分析,本研究发现随着糖尿病肾病的进展,TBIL、ALB逐渐下降,而收缩压和UA逐渐升高,除了UA的变化趋势可引起尿液pH值降低外,其余指标(TBIL、ALB和收缩压)的变化均可导致尿液pH值的升高,综合各种因素的共同作用,最终导致尿液pH值的逐渐升高。Ogawa S等[20]也认为血清高尿酸与尿液低pH值密切相关(Spearman相关分析的r=-0.18,P<0.05),与本文观点一致。目前关于2型糖尿病肾病进展与尿液pH值的研究目前尚未有報道,将来仍需要大样本的、多中心研究对本文结论予以确认。 鑒于本文只从临床角度分析了可能影响DN患者尿pH变化的因素,故相关解释仍缺乏理论支撑,关于DN的病理生理改变影响尿液pH改变的具体过程和机制仍有待深入探讨。总之,2型糖尿病患者的尿液pH值较正常人明显下降,但随着DN的病情进展,尿液pH值呈逐渐升高的趋势。临床医生应密切关注尿液pH值的变化,以期早期肾病的发现。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-21)