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从火箭发射的经济性、尤其是希望将来把质量大的卫星送入轨道来考虑,大幅度增加现有运载火箭的发射能力是必要的。改进发动机,研制完整的火箭上面级,使用高效纤维增强塑料(FCM)能大幅度提高发射能力。本文通过对欧洲运载火箭阿里安1、3和4的性能计算,说明了火箭结构质量对转移轨道有效载荷能力的影响,提出了这几种火箭结构中可以首先用FCM结构替换的部分,并且第一次给出了复合材料结构的质量估算。作为FCM结构替换的一个例子,本文提供了阿里安1第二级的中间级结构,介绍了强度分布和精密缠绕生产的工艺过程,并与常规金属结构进行了比较。本文提供的结构方案建立在夹层结构壳体的基础之上,这种夹层结构由带有桁条或圆形肋的二层蒙皮所组成。该方案适应性强,而且使得采用这种结构设计来实现局部的力传递或开口成为可能。研制出用碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)制作成的拉/压杆并通过了在航空和航天中应用的鉴定。考虑到载荷的传递,在CFRP管和铝联接端头间采用了拉/压均可靠的联接。与常规装配式铝杆相比,CFRP管可减轻质量约50%。
From the economy of rocket launching, and especially the hope of bringing quality satellites to orbit in the future, it is necessary to significantly increase the launch capability of existing launch vehicles. Improve the engine, the development of a complete rocket top level, the use of high-performance fiber-reinforced plastic (FCM) can greatly enhance the launch capability. In this paper, the performance of the European launcher Arians 1, 3 and 4 is calculated to show the influence of the mass of the rocket structure on the payload capacity of the orbital orbit. Some of the rocket structures that can be replaced by the FCM structure first are proposed. Once the mass of the composite structure is given. As an example of FCM structural replacement, this paper presents the second-level middle-level structure of Alian 1, introduces the process of strength distribution and precision winding production, and compares it with the conventional metal structure. The structural solution provided in this paper is based on a sandwich shell consisting of two skin layers with stringers or circular ribs. This solution is adaptable and makes it possible to use this structural design to achieve local force transmission or opening. A tension / compression rod made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) was developed and passed the appraisal of applications in aviation and aerospace. Taking into account the load transfer, in the CFRP pipe and aluminum coupling between the end with a pull / pressure are reliable connection. CFRP tubes reduce mass by about 50% compared to conventional fabricated aluminum rods.