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【目的】白蚁具有降解木质纤维素的能力，主要场所在消化道内，因此消化道形态结构的研究具有重要意义。【方法】本文对采自河南省的3种白蚁（平额散白蚁Reticulitermes planifrons Li et Ping、湖南散白蚁Reticulitermes hunanensis Tsai et Peng和双工土白蚁Odontotermes dimorphus Li et Xiao的兵蚁和工蚁头胸部特征及其消化道结构进行了比较。【结果】两种散白蚁兵蚁的头壳、后颏和上颚没有明显差异，但与双工土白蚁差异显著。3种白蚁工蚁的前肠、后肠及消化道平均长度均大于兵蚁，且差异显著（P<0.05），而中肠的差异不显著；双工土白蚁的肠道总长度工蚁/兵蚁比值（1.4倍）大于两种散白蚁（1.1倍）；除了嗉囊和囊形胃外，两种散白蚁工蚁的其余消化道各段差异显著（P<0.05），与双工土白蚁相比差异也显著。【结论】工蚁的消化道比兵蚁发达，散白蚁的消化道结构与土白蚁有较大不同，这些结果与工蚁和兵蚁的社会分工有关，同时也表明高等白蚁与低等白蚁相比不仅是采食习惯的差别，自身消化系统结构与分区也有较大不同，并为白蚁的生物防治和生物质资源利用提供了资料。“,”Objectives] Termites have the ability to degrade lignocellulose. Degradation mainly take place in digestive tract. So the research of the shape and structure of termites digestive tract is significance. [Methods] The cephalothorax and digestive tract structure of soldiers and workers of three termite species; Reticulitermes planifrons Li et Ping, Reticulitermes hunanensis Tsai et Peng, and Odontotermes dimorphus Li et Xiao, were studied. [Results] Soldiers of the two Reticulitermes species were not obviously different to each other in the structure of the head, chin and mandibles, but were significantly different in these features compared to O. dimorphus. With the exception of the midgut, there were significant differences in the length of foregut, hindgut, and digestive tract, of soldiers and workers among all three species (P<0. 05). The ratio of the total length of the digestive tract in O. dimorphus workers and soldiers (1.4) was greater than that in the two Reticulitermes species (1.1). In addition to crop and stomach capsule form, every part of the digestive tract of workers of the three species was significantly different (P<0.05). [Conclusion] The digestive tract was more developed in workers than soldiers, and was more different between Reticulitermes and Odontotermes. These results probably reflect the social division of labor between workers and soldiers, the former are responsible for feeding and nurturing larvae, and the latter for security. The results show that more advanced termites differ from more primitive species, not only in eating habits, but also in the structure and composition of the digestive system. These results also provide useful information for the biological control and utilization of termites as an economic resource.