并列连词but用法与高考

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   but的语义丰富,用法较为复杂。特别是近几年随着高考英语试题语境化因素的不断加大,but在试题中所出现的频率越来越高,其用法越来越活,它对正确答案的选择起着重要的制约作用。同学们在实际运用时难以掌握。在此对but用作并列连词加以分析,供参考。
   一、 but用作并列连词,连接两个并列分句,意为“但是、然而”,表示转折意义。
   例如 Last year he was writing a book about his hometown, but I don’t know whether he has finished it.去年他在写一本关于他家乡的书,但我不知道他是否写完。
   高考链接
   (1) —Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
   —I’d like to, ______ I’m too busy. (NMET1994)
   A. and B. so C. as D. but
   解析 选D根据答句句意,前后两个并列分句含有转折意义,故应选答案D。选项A (and)表递进;B (so)表结果;C (as)引导原因、时间状语从句,均不符句意。
   (2)—I don’t like chicken ________ fish.
   —I don’t like chicken, ________I like fish very much. (NMET1993)
   A. and, and B. and, but
   C. or, but D. or, and
   解析 选C根据语境,上句讲话人所使用的两个并列名词与否定词连用,意为“也不……”,故应选用连词or。下句答话人所表达的两个并列分句含有转折意义,故应选用并列连词but。
   二、 but用于sorry, I’m sorry, Excuse me等表示歉意的话之后,它没有实际意义,仅起连接作用,可省略。
   例如 I’m sorry, but I don’t know you.对不起,我想我不认识你。
   高考链接
   (1) Excuse me for breaking in, ________ I have some news for you. (NMET2002)
   A. so B. and C. but D. yet
   解析 选C 根据句意,后一并列分句并非对前一并列分句进行意义上的总结,也不是进一步的说明,而表示转折,故排除选项A, B选C。but 置于表示歉意的话之后,以提出请求或说出一些可能触犯对方的话。选项D为副词,不符句子结构。
   (2) —I’d like to invite you to dinner this Saturday, Mr. Smith.
   —_________. (NMET1997)
   A.Oh, no. Let’s not
   B.I’d rather stay at home
   C.I’m very sorry, but I have other plans
   D.Oh, no. That’ll be too much trouble
   解析 选C本题考查交际英语中礼貌地拒绝某人的邀请、帮助时应答语所使用的知识。选项A, B, D均为中国式英语,只有选项C为有礼貌的拒绝正确表达法。肯定回答,应表达为:Thank you. I’d like to. / I’m pleased to.
   三、but用作并列连词,对句中动词时态起制约作用。
   由but 连接的两个并列分句,有时所使用的动词时态受but连词的影响很大。选用动词时态时,必须根据句中所陈述的内容及语气的变化,而使用不同的动词时态结构。
   例如I would have gone to America with my friends, but I was stopped by my mother. (如果不是我母亲阻止我的话,)我就跟我朋友去美国了,但我母亲阻止了我。
   高考链接
   (1) I would love ________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (NMET1997)
   A. to go B. to have gone
   C. going D. having gone
   解析选B根据句意“昨天晚上我很想去参加晚会,但我必须加班完成一份报告”可知,前一分句表达的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故应选用表示虚拟的谓语动词结构B。由but连接的后一分句强调的是过去所发生的事实,所以要用一般过去时。
   (2) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _______ for her. (NMET1994)
   A.had to write it out
   B.must have written it out
   C.should have written it out
   D.ought to write it out
   解析选C根据句意“我已告诉Sally怎样来这儿了,但也许我本来应该为她写出来”可知,前一分句表达的是事实,but连接的后一分句表达的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故应选用“情态动词+have done sth.”虚拟结构。选项B (must have written it out)意为“一定写出了”,不符句意,所以应选答案C。
   四、but用作并列连词,对句子结构制约作用。 but用作并列连词,连接的是并列分句,特别是连词but后的分句必须是一个完整的句子,其主语必须是指代的人或物的名词或代词。注意不能与定语从句混淆,在连词but 之后不可使用关系代词which(指物),who(指人),如果没有but连词,可以构成相应的定语从句结构。
   例如Tom’s brother kept telling him that he should work hard, but it didn’t help.= Tom’s brother kept telling him that he should work hard, which didn’t help.汤姆的弟弟经常不断地告戒他要努力学习,但没用。
   高考链接
   The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in. (NMET2001)
   A. they B. it C. one D. which
   解析选B根据句意,连词but后一分句中的主语代词指代房子,说明“房子需要大量的装修工作才可入住”,故首先排除选项A, C。选项D (which)引导定语从句,前面不可用并列连词but,所以,再排除D选B。
   五、but用作并列连词,在上下文语境中对选项的制约作用。
   but用作并列连词连接两个并列分句时,对选项有着很大的制约作用,作题时,必须根据上下文的语境及其语气,结合选项所给词或短语的意义来进行分析、判断,才能选出正确答案。
   例如My little sister bought many books yesterday, but none of them was interesting. 我的小妹妹昨天买了许多书,但没有一本是有趣的。[注:句中划线部分所使用的代词因受连词but的制约,表示否定,不可选用all, some等代词]
   We should never waste anything, but above all we should never waste time. 我们决不该浪费任何东西,但尤其重要的是我们决不该浪费时间。[注:句中划线部分所使用的短语因受连词but的制约,表示转折、强调,不可选用after all(毕竟)、in all(总共)等短语]
   高考链接
   They were all very tired, but ________of them would stop to take a rest. (NMET1995)
   A. any B. some C. none D. neither
   解析选C该题主要考查考生对不定代词在上下文语境及其语气中的使用。因句中连词but表示转折,必须选用表示否定意义的不定代词,所以,首先排除选项A,B。而选项D (neither) 指两者的全部否定,不符题意,故选C (none)表示三者以上的全部否定。
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