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Have you ever wondered where you favorite sport came from and how people actually came to play it? How did the rules develop? This list presents some of the most popular sports around the world and how they came to be.
你有没有想过你最喜欢的运动是怎么产生的呢？人们怎样开始这种运动的呢？它的规则又是怎样演变的呢？以下列出了一些世界各地最热门的运动及其历史。
Volleyball 排球
The sport originated[起源] in the United States in 1895, when William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Holyoke YMCA注1, Massachusetts, decided to create an indoor game for his students. He wanted to create a team sport more suitable for older members of the YMCA but one that still required athletic skill.
Morgan decided to combine elements of basketball, handball, tennis and baseball. The volleyball net had its origin in tennis, but was raised six feet and six inches from the floor. The sport was first called Mintonette, but was changed to volleyball when a spectator[观众] told Morgan that the players seemed to be “volleying[截击]” the ball back and forth[来回地]. In 1900, the rules were modified[修改] and published by the YMCA, with the match set to 21 points and the net raised to an official height of seven feet six inches.
这项运动起源于美国。1895年，（美国）马萨诸塞州霍利奥克基督教青年会（YMCA）的讲师威廉·G·摩根决定为他的学生创造一种室内运动。他想创造一种适合年长成员的团队运动，但这种运动仍然需要一定的运动技巧。
摩根决定把篮球、手球、网球和棒球等元素结合起来。排球所用的网取自网球，只是离地高度升高到六英尺六英寸（1.98米）。这项运动最初名为“Mintonette（小网子）”，后来有一个看球的人对摩根说，球员们好像是在来回地“截击（volley）”球，于是改名为“volleyball”。1900年，基督教青年会修改并颁布了排球的规则，将比分定为21分，并把球网的高度正式提高到七英尺六英寸（2.28米）。
Boxing 拳击
Boxing is one of the oldest contact sports[身体接触项目]. Archaeologists[考古学家] have found evidence that the sport might have existed in the ancient Greek, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations from 3000-1500 B.C. However, ancient boxing was very different from its modern version, as boxers did not use gloves or protective headgear[盔，帽] then, nor was the fight divided into several rounds. Boxing was so popular back then that it became an Olympic sport around 688 B.C.
Modern boxing originated in England around the 17th century. The first documented[用文件证明] boxing match took place in 1681.
In 1743, rules were introduced to prevent deaths in the ring. In 1867, John Chambers devised[设计，发明] the rules for an amateur[业余的] championship[锦标赛] held in London. Since then, these rules have governed the modern sport of boxing.
拳击是最古老的身体接触运动之一。考古学家发现的证据显示，早在公元前3000-1500年的古希腊、埃及和美索不达米亚文明，这种运动可能已经存在。不过，古代的拳击与其现代版本有很大不同——古代拳击手不使用手套和头盔，比赛也不是分回合进行。那时的拳击太受欢迎了，在公元前688年左右，该项运动成为奥运会的比赛项目。 现代拳击起源于17世纪的英国。有记载的首次拳击比赛发生在1681年。
1743年，人们引入规则，以防运动员在拳击台上丧命。1867年，约翰·钱伯斯为一场在伦敦举行的业余锦标赛制定了规则。从那时起，这些规则便一直是现代拳击运动的规范。
Bowling 保龄球
Archaeologists have found remains of bowling balls and pins[（保龄球的）木瓶] in ancient Egyptian graves dating back to 3200 B.C. The first written record of bowling was in 1366 when King Edward III of England banned the game as his soldiers were neglecting[疏忽] their military[军事的] training over this game.
The game was popular in Europe and was introduced to America by the early settlers. Although the game appealed to[有吸引力] many in America, it was only in 1887, when A.G. Spalding came up with the rules for the modern game. By late 19th century, bowling clubs began sprouting up all over America, a trend which has continued to this day.
考古学家在远至公元前3200年的古埃及墓穴中发现了保龄球和保龄球瓶的遗迹。有关保龄球的最早文字记录出现在1366年，当时的英格兰国王爱德华三世下令禁止这种游戏，因为他的士兵醉心于保龄球，无心应对军事训练。
这种游戏在欧洲很受欢迎，后来由早期的定居者引入美国。虽然保龄球受到许多美国人的喜爱，但直到1887年，A·G·斯波尔丁才提出了现代保龄球的赛规。到了19世纪后期，保龄球俱乐部开始在全美国如雨后春笋般地建立起来，这种热潮一直延续至今。
Basketball 篮球
Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian who was teaching at Springfield College in Massachusetts, needed to come up with a game to entertain the school’s rugby[英式橄榄球] and football players during the winter months. So he grabbed a peach basket he found in the janitor’s[看门人] closet of the school and hung it on a railing[扶手] about ten feet from the floor. Every time the players made a shot[投射] though, they had to take down the basket and grab the ball, which became really annoying. Dr. Naismith decided to cut a hole in the basket so the ball would go straight through without them having to dig it out all the time.
The sport was an instant[立即的] success and the popularity of this new game quickly grew. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
在（美国）马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德学院教书的加拿大人詹姆斯·奈史密斯博士需要想出一种游戏，在冬季给本校的英式橄榄球和足球运动员助兴。他在学校门卫的衣柜里发现了一个用来装桃的篮子，于是将它挂在离地约10英尺（3米）的扶手上。可是每当球员们投中了篮子，都不得不把篮子取下来才能捡到球，非常麻烦。于是奈史密斯博士决定在篮子底部开一个洞，让球直接穿过篮子掉下来，这就不用总是伸手去掏篮子了。
这种运动马上大受欢迎，迅速风靡起来。虽然奈史密斯无法看到篮球发展成今天这种热闹景象，但他还是荣幸地看到它成为1936年柏林奥运会的比赛项目。
Tennis 网球
Tennis originated from a French court game called paume (palm). Played in the 12th century, the game initially involved hitting the ball with one’s palms, until later when rackets[球拍] were developed. The sport gained popularity in France and England, where it was played by the aristocrats[贵族] who in turn appealed to the masses by constructing public playing areas. In 1869, Walter Wingfield, a British army officer, invented the game of Sphairistike, which was the direct predecessor[原有事物] of the modern game of lawn tennis. By 1873, Wingfield began marketing the game together with the racket and rubber balls to the general public, which quickly caught on its appeal.
网球起源于法国一种叫做“paume（掌）”的庭院游戏。公元12世纪，这种游戏最初的玩法是用手掌击球，后来才有了球拍。这种运动在法国和英国逐渐流行起来，起先只是贵族们在玩，后来因为贵族们修建了公共球场，渐渐吸引了平民百姓的参与。
1869年，英国军官沃尔特·温菲尔德发明了“司法泰克”运动，这就是现代草地网球的前身。到了1873年，温菲尔德开始向普罗大众推销这种运动以及球拍和橡胶球，迅速受到人们的欢迎。
Football 足球
Some say football was first played by the Aztecs注2 in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica注3, but a more direct (and FIFA注4 recognized) origin comes from a game called Cuju (meaning “kick ball”) was played in ancient China. The ball was made of panels[嵌板] of leather sewn[缝合] together and inflated[使膨胀] with hair and other soft fillings rather than air.
It was in England where the modern game was institutionalized[使制度化] and popularized. According to English records, in 1815 at Eton College, the rules of the modern game were first introduced. In 1863, the English Football Association was established to define the rules and manage other aspects[方面] of the game.
有人说历史上最早开始踢足球的是在哥伦布发现美洲大陆以前的中美洲阿兹特克人。但足球更直接（且得到国际足联认可）的起源是中国古代一种叫做“蹴鞠（意为“踢球”）”的游戏。当时所用的球用一块块皮革缝合而成，里面填充的是头发和其他柔软物料，而不是充气。
现代足球比赛制度则是在英格兰建立并得到推广。据英国资料记载，1815年，伊顿公学首次引入现代足球赛规。1863年，英格兰足球总会成立，目的是制定足球规则和管理这项运动的其他相关事务。
注2：一个从14世纪延续至16世纪的墨西哥古文明。
注3：从墨西哥中部向南向东延伸，包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯及尼加拉瓜在内的地区。在哥伦布以前的时代，这里曾存在过各种文明，包括玛雅文化及奥尔梅克文化。
注4：国际足球联合会（International Federation of Association Football）的英文缩写。
你有没有想过你最喜欢的运动是怎么产生的呢？人们怎样开始这种运动的呢？它的规则又是怎样演变的呢？以下列出了一些世界各地最热门的运动及其历史。
Volleyball 排球
The sport originated[起源] in the United States in 1895, when William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Holyoke YMCA注1, Massachusetts, decided to create an indoor game for his students. He wanted to create a team sport more suitable for older members of the YMCA but one that still required athletic skill.
Morgan decided to combine elements of basketball, handball, tennis and baseball. The volleyball net had its origin in tennis, but was raised six feet and six inches from the floor. The sport was first called Mintonette, but was changed to volleyball when a spectator[观众] told Morgan that the players seemed to be “volleying[截击]” the ball back and forth[来回地]. In 1900, the rules were modified[修改] and published by the YMCA, with the match set to 21 points and the net raised to an official height of seven feet six inches.
这项运动起源于美国。1895年，（美国）马萨诸塞州霍利奥克基督教青年会（YMCA）的讲师威廉·G·摩根决定为他的学生创造一种室内运动。他想创造一种适合年长成员的团队运动，但这种运动仍然需要一定的运动技巧。
摩根决定把篮球、手球、网球和棒球等元素结合起来。排球所用的网取自网球，只是离地高度升高到六英尺六英寸（1.98米）。这项运动最初名为“Mintonette（小网子）”，后来有一个看球的人对摩根说，球员们好像是在来回地“截击（volley）”球，于是改名为“volleyball”。1900年，基督教青年会修改并颁布了排球的规则，将比分定为21分，并把球网的高度正式提高到七英尺六英寸（2.28米）。
Boxing 拳击
Boxing is one of the oldest contact sports[身体接触项目]. Archaeologists[考古学家] have found evidence that the sport might have existed in the ancient Greek, Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations from 3000-1500 B.C. However, ancient boxing was very different from its modern version, as boxers did not use gloves or protective headgear[盔，帽] then, nor was the fight divided into several rounds. Boxing was so popular back then that it became an Olympic sport around 688 B.C.
Modern boxing originated in England around the 17th century. The first documented[用文件证明] boxing match took place in 1681.
In 1743, rules were introduced to prevent deaths in the ring. In 1867, John Chambers devised[设计，发明] the rules for an amateur[业余的] championship[锦标赛] held in London. Since then, these rules have governed the modern sport of boxing.
拳击是最古老的身体接触运动之一。考古学家发现的证据显示，早在公元前3000-1500年的古希腊、埃及和美索不达米亚文明，这种运动可能已经存在。不过，古代的拳击与其现代版本有很大不同——古代拳击手不使用手套和头盔，比赛也不是分回合进行。那时的拳击太受欢迎了，在公元前688年左右，该项运动成为奥运会的比赛项目。 现代拳击起源于17世纪的英国。有记载的首次拳击比赛发生在1681年。
1743年，人们引入规则，以防运动员在拳击台上丧命。1867年，约翰·钱伯斯为一场在伦敦举行的业余锦标赛制定了规则。从那时起，这些规则便一直是现代拳击运动的规范。
Bowling 保龄球
Archaeologists have found remains of bowling balls and pins[（保龄球的）木瓶] in ancient Egyptian graves dating back to 3200 B.C. The first written record of bowling was in 1366 when King Edward III of England banned the game as his soldiers were neglecting[疏忽] their military[军事的] training over this game.
The game was popular in Europe and was introduced to America by the early settlers. Although the game appealed to[有吸引力] many in America, it was only in 1887, when A.G. Spalding came up with the rules for the modern game. By late 19th century, bowling clubs began sprouting up all over America, a trend which has continued to this day.
考古学家在远至公元前3200年的古埃及墓穴中发现了保龄球和保龄球瓶的遗迹。有关保龄球的最早文字记录出现在1366年，当时的英格兰国王爱德华三世下令禁止这种游戏，因为他的士兵醉心于保龄球，无心应对军事训练。
这种游戏在欧洲很受欢迎，后来由早期的定居者引入美国。虽然保龄球受到许多美国人的喜爱，但直到1887年，A·G·斯波尔丁才提出了现代保龄球的赛规。到了19世纪后期，保龄球俱乐部开始在全美国如雨后春笋般地建立起来，这种热潮一直延续至今。
Basketball 篮球
Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian who was teaching at Springfield College in Massachusetts, needed to come up with a game to entertain the school’s rugby[英式橄榄球] and football players during the winter months. So he grabbed a peach basket he found in the janitor’s[看门人] closet of the school and hung it on a railing[扶手] about ten feet from the floor. Every time the players made a shot[投射] though, they had to take down the basket and grab the ball, which became really annoying. Dr. Naismith decided to cut a hole in the basket so the ball would go straight through without them having to dig it out all the time.
The sport was an instant[立即的] success and the popularity of this new game quickly grew. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.
在（美国）马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德学院教书的加拿大人詹姆斯·奈史密斯博士需要想出一种游戏，在冬季给本校的英式橄榄球和足球运动员助兴。他在学校门卫的衣柜里发现了一个用来装桃的篮子，于是将它挂在离地约10英尺（3米）的扶手上。可是每当球员们投中了篮子，都不得不把篮子取下来才能捡到球，非常麻烦。于是奈史密斯博士决定在篮子底部开一个洞，让球直接穿过篮子掉下来，这就不用总是伸手去掏篮子了。
这种运动马上大受欢迎，迅速风靡起来。虽然奈史密斯无法看到篮球发展成今天这种热闹景象，但他还是荣幸地看到它成为1936年柏林奥运会的比赛项目。
Tennis 网球
Tennis originated from a French court game called paume (palm). Played in the 12th century, the game initially involved hitting the ball with one’s palms, until later when rackets[球拍] were developed. The sport gained popularity in France and England, where it was played by the aristocrats[贵族] who in turn appealed to the masses by constructing public playing areas. In 1869, Walter Wingfield, a British army officer, invented the game of Sphairistike, which was the direct predecessor[原有事物] of the modern game of lawn tennis. By 1873, Wingfield began marketing the game together with the racket and rubber balls to the general public, which quickly caught on its appeal.
网球起源于法国一种叫做“paume（掌）”的庭院游戏。公元12世纪，这种游戏最初的玩法是用手掌击球，后来才有了球拍。这种运动在法国和英国逐渐流行起来，起先只是贵族们在玩，后来因为贵族们修建了公共球场，渐渐吸引了平民百姓的参与。
1869年，英国军官沃尔特·温菲尔德发明了“司法泰克”运动，这就是现代草地网球的前身。到了1873年，温菲尔德开始向普罗大众推销这种运动以及球拍和橡胶球，迅速受到人们的欢迎。
Football 足球
Some say football was first played by the Aztecs注2 in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica注3, but a more direct (and FIFA注4 recognized) origin comes from a game called Cuju (meaning “kick ball”) was played in ancient China. The ball was made of panels[嵌板] of leather sewn[缝合] together and inflated[使膨胀] with hair and other soft fillings rather than air.
It was in England where the modern game was institutionalized[使制度化] and popularized. According to English records, in 1815 at Eton College, the rules of the modern game were first introduced. In 1863, the English Football Association was established to define the rules and manage other aspects[方面] of the game.
有人说历史上最早开始踢足球的是在哥伦布发现美洲大陆以前的中美洲阿兹特克人。但足球更直接（且得到国际足联认可）的起源是中国古代一种叫做“蹴鞠（意为“踢球”）”的游戏。当时所用的球用一块块皮革缝合而成，里面填充的是头发和其他柔软物料，而不是充气。
现代足球比赛制度则是在英格兰建立并得到推广。据英国资料记载，1815年，伊顿公学首次引入现代足球赛规。1863年，英格兰足球总会成立，目的是制定足球规则和管理这项运动的其他相关事务。
注2：一个从14世纪延续至16世纪的墨西哥古文明。
注3：从墨西哥中部向南向东延伸，包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯及尼加拉瓜在内的地区。在哥伦布以前的时代，这里曾存在过各种文明，包括玛雅文化及奥尔梅克文化。
注4：国际足球联合会（International Federation of Association Football）的英文缩写。