翻译是一项复杂的活动。在20世纪70年代,就有翻译理论家以及比较文学学者站在文化的角度指出,翻译应该被置于一个更为宽广的语境之下进行研究。翻译过程并不仅仅是一门语言与另一门语言的置换过程,译者并不是一个对语言符号进行机械转换的机器。比利时著名的翻译学学者,操纵学派的创始人安德鲁·勒费维尔就曾经表明,翻译实际上是译者对原著的重写。在重写之时,译者会受到其所在环境的政治、文化、历史与意识形态、文学观念等多方面的外部因 Translation is a complex activity. In the 1970s, some translation theorists and comparative scholars of literature held the cultural point of view that translation should be studied in a broader context. The process of translating is not just the replacement of one language with another. The translator is not a machine that transforms linguistic symbols mechanically. Andrew Lefevreur, the famous Belgian scholar of translation studies and founder of the school of manipulations, once said that translation is in fact the translator’s rewriting of the original. At the time of rewriting, the translator is influenced by many factors such as politics, culture, history, ideology and literary concepts in his environment