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Abstract: from the main phonetic features of speech sounds in Nantong dialect, the essay figures out the phenomenon that Nantong dialect generates a negative transfer to the pronunciation of some English vowels and consonants among students born and learning English in Nantong as second language learners.
Key Words: speech sounds; negative transfer; Nantong dialect
1 Language transfer
The American famous psychologist once pointed out that, transfer is a kind of cognitive activity. The transfer of native language consists two branches: the positive transfer, which accelerates learning of foreign languages; the negative one, where the native language pattern which is different from the foreign one is transferred in the target language and so hinders the learning. The negative one among students from Nantong is evident.
The essay investigates one important piece of dialects of Nantong-Nantong dialect，taking advantage of speech experiments and aims at picking out some specific phonetic characteristics and the negative transfer caused by Nantong dialect.
2 Speech experiment ⑴
The pronunciation of Nantong dialect is always realized at the front part of oral cavity and the mouth opens big enough. [ai] sounds like [ei].
The experimental phonetics shows that formants’ parameters are the significant elements to distinguish different vowels. In this part, one of the formants’ parameters, the formant frequency is considered as a crucial tool to distinguish the two sounds. Theoretically, the more the number of the formant frequency is, the more accurately the vowel can be described; practically, it is enough to take the former three formants, namely, F1、F2、F3.The more F1 is, the bigger the mouth opens and the lower the tongue is positioned; the rounder the lip is, the less F2 is. Below is the F1 and F2 datum related to the standard [ai] and the [ai] which the student in Nantong pronounces:
By the comparison of the datum, F1 in the second one is about 489.997HZ, which is less than the first one, 709.168 HZ. In a result, the mouth of the student from Nantong doesn’t open enough when compared to the standard pronunciation.
From the next two datum, the conclusion is drawn that the lip of the student from Nantong is not round enough compared to the standard one according to the respective F2 data.
4 Conclusion
All in all, from the vivid picture and form we get above, it seems to be admitted that the native language-Nantong dialect has, more or less, generated a negative transfer to the English pronunciation.
Bibliography
[1] http://www. praat. org.
[2] Peterson, G.E., and Barney, H. L.,“Control Methods Used in a Study of the Identification of Vowels,”[ J] .Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1952, 24: 175- 184.
[3] 吴宗济, 林茂灿. 实验语音学概要[M] .第一版.北京:高等教育出版社, 1989: 73- 99.
[4] 鲍明炜，王均. 南通地区方言研究[M]. 江苏教育出版社，2002
[5] 叶蜚声, 徐通锵. 语言学纲要[M] .第三版.北京: 北京大学出版, 2001
[6] 路海东. 教育心理学[M]. 长春：东北师范大学出版社，2002：85
Key Words: speech sounds; negative transfer; Nantong dialect
1 Language transfer
The American famous psychologist once pointed out that, transfer is a kind of cognitive activity. The transfer of native language consists two branches: the positive transfer, which accelerates learning of foreign languages; the negative one, where the native language pattern which is different from the foreign one is transferred in the target language and so hinders the learning. The negative one among students from Nantong is evident.
The essay investigates one important piece of dialects of Nantong-Nantong dialect，taking advantage of speech experiments and aims at picking out some specific phonetic characteristics and the negative transfer caused by Nantong dialect.
2 Speech experiment ⑴
The pronunciation of Nantong dialect is always realized at the front part of oral cavity and the mouth opens big enough. [ai] sounds like [ei].
The experimental phonetics shows that formants’ parameters are the significant elements to distinguish different vowels. In this part, one of the formants’ parameters, the formant frequency is considered as a crucial tool to distinguish the two sounds. Theoretically, the more the number of the formant frequency is, the more accurately the vowel can be described; practically, it is enough to take the former three formants, namely, F1、F2、F3.The more F1 is, the bigger the mouth opens and the lower the tongue is positioned; the rounder the lip is, the less F2 is. Below is the F1 and F2 datum related to the standard [ai] and the [ai] which the student in Nantong pronounces:
By the comparison of the datum, F1 in the second one is about 489.997HZ, which is less than the first one, 709.168 HZ. In a result, the mouth of the student from Nantong doesn’t open enough when compared to the standard pronunciation.
From the next two datum, the conclusion is drawn that the lip of the student from Nantong is not round enough compared to the standard one according to the respective F2 data.
4 Conclusion
All in all, from the vivid picture and form we get above, it seems to be admitted that the native language-Nantong dialect has, more or less, generated a negative transfer to the English pronunciation.
Bibliography
[1] http://www. praat. org.
[2] Peterson, G.E., and Barney, H. L.,“Control Methods Used in a Study of the Identification of Vowels,”[ J] .Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1952, 24: 175- 184.
[3] 吴宗济, 林茂灿. 实验语音学概要[M] .第一版.北京:高等教育出版社, 1989: 73- 99.
[4] 鲍明炜，王均. 南通地区方言研究[M]. 江苏教育出版社，2002
[5] 叶蜚声, 徐通锵. 语言学纲要[M] .第三版.北京: 北京大学出版, 2001
[6] 路海东. 教育心理学[M]. 长春：东北师范大学出版社，2002：85