从历史上看,治国有三个核心内容:任人、信赏、必罚,其实就是讲的吏治问题,吏治在历史上便是评价一个君主是否有作为,是否能够治理好国家的重要标准。治吏之重在于考课——把握绩效评估的关键,可以说每个朝代的治吏之道都是重视对官吏的政绩进行考核。本文尝试以明朝考成制度为例探索中国古代职官考课制度的沿革及其现代启示的内在规律性,从而发掘对当今地方政府绩效评估制度的启示。 Historically, governing the country has three core elements: to appoint people, reward gifts and punishments, in fact, it is to talk about the issue of official management. Officials in history evaluate whether a monarch has done anything and whether it can manage the important national standards. The key to govern the official lies in the exam - the key to grasping the performance appraisal. It can be said that every dynasty’s officials’ official way attaches importance to the examination of the official performance. This paper tries to explore the evolution of the examination system of ancient Chinese officials and the inherent regularity of the modern enlightenment by taking the test system of the Ming Dynasty as an example to explore the enlightenment on the performance evaluation system of local governments today.