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公共机构是美国的州政府为了应对社会经济发展下民众对公共服务需求的变化,在现行宪法体系、政治结构和法律传统的框架内,所做的制度调适和设计。州政府通过建立具有独立地位的私法主体,参与公共服务的市场化供给,既强调作为一种政府职能执行机构的自主性和自由度,以灵活适应市场的多样化需求,又优化政府的监督控制措施,以免受行政程序的繁文缛节的约束,从而增强了政府机构的执行力,但与此相伴而来的是公共机构的多样性和法律地位的变动性。在立法分支对公共机构的问责制、透明度和监督方面进行统一立法的同时,司法分支在个案中针对具体公共机构的特殊性做终局裁定。立法和司法共同构建了公共机构法律制度的完整框架。
Public institutions are the institutional adjustments and designs made by the state governments of the United States within the framework of the current constitutional system, political structure and legal tradition in response to changes in public demand for public services under the social and economic development. By establishing a private legal entity with independent status, the state government participates in the market-oriented supply of public services. It not only emphasizes the autonomy and freedom as an implementing agency of government functions, but also flexibly adapts to the diversified needs of the market and optimizes the government’s supervision and control Measures to protect themselves from the cumbersomeness of administrative procedures and thus enhance the enforcement of government agencies, accompanied by the diversity of public institutions and the change of legal status. While the branch of legislation carries out uniform legislation on the accountability, transparency and supervision of public bodies, the branch of judiciary makes a final determination on the particularity of specific public bodies in individual cases. Legislation and justice jointly establish a complete framework for the legal system of public institutions.