脑小血管病(CSVD)是指颅内小血管病变(颅内小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管及小静脉等)所致的临床、认知、影像学和病理表现的综合征，病程隐匿，临床常缺乏特异性，其中认知障碍最常见。近年研究发现，阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)为脑小血管病高危因素之一，可加重其认知障碍进展，本文将就OSAHS对CSVD认知障碍的影响机制进行综述。“,”Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD) refers to the syndrome of clinical, cognitive, imaging and pathological manifestations caused by intracranial small vascular lesions (intracranial arterioles, arterioles, capillaries and venules, etc.). The course of the disease is hidden, and the clinical is often lack of specificity, of which cognitive impairment is the most common. In recent years, it has been found that obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) is one of the high risk factors of CSVD, which can aggravate the progress of cognitive impairment. This article will review the mechanism of the effect of OSAHS on cognitive impairment in CSVD.