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强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际中,为使自己的思想能被对方恰当的理解,必须突出重要的内容,这就需要运用强调的手段。在现代英语中,强调的手段是多种多样的,有语音手段、语法手段、词汇手段、修辞手段等。在口语中,人们可以根据上下文的需要,借助音调的变化来表示,也就是重读句中要强调的某个词或某个部分。在书面语中,人们可以通过词序的改变来达到强调的目的。试比较:① He gave me a book. ② He gave a book to me. 两句意思基本相同,但侧重点不同。前者强调给的是书而不是其他东西;后者强调他把书给了我而不是给了别人。另外,人们还常用颠倒正常词序的手法来进行强调,例如:① Only in this way can we finish our work in time. ② Never did I dream of seeing him here. ③ Remarkably fine it is. 除了上述语音、语法手段外,人们更是常用词汇手段来达到强调的目的。下面介绍一些常见的强调表示法,以帮助大家更好地掌握这一语法知识点。
1. do (does, did) 加强肯定句中现在时态和过去时态动词的语意。注意原形动词前加do (does, did)才是强调用法。例如:
①——Do you like the novel Jane Eyre? 你喜欢《简•爱》这本小说吗?
——Yes, I do like it. 是的,我的确喜欢它。
②He said that he would come and he did come. 他说过他要来,他果真来了。
2. “It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+句子的其余部分”强调句型。
该句型可以用来强调句中除谓语之外的任何部分;不论强调句子的哪一部分,都可用that连接句子的其余部分;被强调部分指人且作主语或宾语时,可用who代替that,被强调部分指人且作宾语时,也可用whom代替who。例如:
①It is I who/that am to blame. 应该受责备的是我。
②I have nothing to confess. What it is that you want me to say?
我没有什么要承认的。你想要我说什么呢?
③It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
人只有生了病才意识到健康的价值。
3. very 加强名词的语意。very这样用时,前面带the, this, that或所有格代词my, his等。例如:
①At that very moment the telephone rang. 就在那个时候电话铃响了。
②You are the very person (that) I want to see. 你正是我想要见的人。
4. ever加强疑问词what, which, who, where, when, why, how等的语意。书写时,ever和疑问词分开写。可译为“究竟/到底”。例如:
①What ever do you mean by saying that? 你说那话究竟是什么意思?
②When/Where/How ever did you lose your car? 你到底什么时候/在什么地方/怎么丢了车的呢?
另外,ever还可以用来加强so, such的意思。在比较句中,ever用来加强as…as…语气。例如:
①Thank you ever so much. 非常感谢你。
②I’ll tell him as soon as ever he arrives. 他一到我就告诉他。
5.even用来加强语气。表示没有料到的或使人惊奇的事情,用于表意外的词语前。例如:
①Even the sun has spots. 就连太阳也有黑点。
②He has read very few English novels—not even Jane Eyre.
他很少看英文小说,就连《简•爱》也没看过。
6.反身代词itself, oneself加强名词或代词的语意。可译作“亲自/即使/也”。例如:
①The moon itself cannot give us light. 月亮本身不会给我们一点光亮。
②Confucius himself was not free from faults. 人非圣贤,孰能无过。
7.“all+抽象名词”表示强调语气。all+抽象名词=very+形容词,但语气更强。例如:
①Safety is all importance. 安全第一。
②He is all kindness. (=very kind/kindness itself) 他非常和蔼可亲。
8.at all 加强否定句或条件句的语气。at all这样用时,可译为“根本”。有时也可用于疑问句和肯定句中。例如:
①If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all.
如果没有太阳,我们就根本不可能生存。
②If you do anything at all, you should do it thoroughly.
如果你真要做什么事情,就应当把它彻底做好。
9.the last 表示强烈的否定意义。例如:
①I would be the last person in the world to deny this. 我决不否认这一点。
②This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我万万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。
10.many a 表示“许许多多”的意思。后跟单数名词,比many的语气更强。例如:
①Many a student has realized the importance of learning a foreign language.
许许多多的学生已认识到学外语的重要性。
②Many a little makes a mickle. 积少成多。/集腋成裘。
11.in the world, on earth, under the sun 等,表示强调。用于疑问句和否定句,分别作“究竟”和“全然”讲。例如:
①Where under the sun did you go? 你究竟上哪儿去了?
②Nothing on earth will satisfy him. 什么也不能满足他。
12.the hell, the devil和疑问词who, what, where等连用,加强语气。意思是“究竟/到底”。例如:
①Where the hell have you been hiding? 你究竟躲到哪里去了?
②Who the devil is the one standing over there? 站在那边的那个人到底是谁?
13.not for the world, not for worlds, not on your life 表示强烈的否定。例如:
①I wouldn’t hurt her feelings for the world. 我决不伤害她的感情。
②Not for worlds would he let his children go hungry. 他决不会让孩子们挨饿。
14.little 后跟动词know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示强烈的否定。其意思相当于not at all。例如:
①Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.
他根本不知道警察就要逮捕他了。
②They little suspect that their secret has been discovered.
他们丝毫没有想到秘密已被人发现了。
15.not后跟 half, nearly, possibly表示强烈的否定。例如:
①My work is not half done yet. 我的工作根本还没有做。
②He can not possibly forget it. 他无论如何也不会忘记。
16.anything like, anywhere near等,用于否定句,加强语气。例如:
①This book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没我想象的那么难。
②She isn’t anywhere near as kind as he is. 她根本不象他那样和气。
17.nice/good and 强调其后的形容词或副词。例如:
①He was nice and angry. 他非常生气。
②Don’t rush me. I’ll do it when I am good and ready.
别催我,等我完全准备好了就去做它。
18.still/much less, still/much more 分别表示强烈否定和肯定。例如:
①He does not know arithmetic, still less algebra. 他俩算术都不懂,就更别提代数了。
②Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberties, much more his life.
每个人都有权利享受自己的自由,更何况其生命。
19.let alone表示强烈否定或肯定。例如:
①I know the whole tune, let alone the words. 不用说歌词,就是整个歌曲我都知道。
②The baby can’t even walk, let alone run. 婴儿连走路都不会,更谈不上跑了。
20.to say the least, not to speak of, not to mention, to say nothing of 加强肯定或否定的语气。例如:
①He has experience, to say nothing of (=as well as) scholarship.
他有经验,又有学问/更不必说学问了。
He has no scholarship, to say nothing of (=much less) experience.
他没有学问,更说不上经验了。
21.much, far, by far, still, a great/good deal, all the, a lot, lots, (a) little, (hardly) any, even, rather, very much, somewhat, a bit, ever, slightly, no等,加强形容词或副词的比较级或最高级。其中,by far可放在比较级或最高级之前或之后;all the用来加强形容词或副词的比较级或跟比较级形容词、副词和从句连用,代替形容词或副词的最高级。例如:
①She is a good/great deal better today. 她今天身体好多了。
He is by far the tallest among us./He is the tallest by far among us.
他在我们这些人中间个子最高。
②Opening the windows made it all the hotter. 打开窗户反而更热。
22.possible, imaginable, conceivable, in existence, alive跟在“the+形容词最高级+名词”之后,加强语气。例如:
①We should finish the work within the shortest time possible.
我们应该在最短时间内完成这项工作。
②This is the best thing imaginable. 这是再好不过的东西了。
23.if ever, if any, if…at all引导从句加强主句的意思。例如:
① He can do it, if ever one can. (=If he can’t do it, no one can.)
如果有人会做这件事,他一定会做。
该句可改写为:
② He can do it, if any one can. 或:He can do it, if there is one who can at all.
24.if a 说明一个人的年龄、身高等。例如:
①I guess that the old man is in his seventies, if a day. 我猜这老人一定七十多岁了。
②The crowd is 2,000 strong, if a man. 人群无论如何不下两千人。
25.and that, and…at that加强其后的词或词组。that是代词,代替前面整句的意思,可译为“而且”。例如:
①He only speaks English and that not very well. 他只会讲英语,而且讲的不是很好。
②It’s an idea, and a good one at that. 这倒是个主意,而且是个好主意。
26.进行时态(现在进行时或过去进行时)往往用来强调主语的某种特征。这样用时便带有感情色彩和力量。例如:
①The kind-hearted woman is always doing things for others.
这个心地善良的女人总是帮别人的忙。(赞扬)
②You are always forgetting to take your keys with you when going out.
你外出时老是忘记带钥匙。(不满或责备)
27.the more…, the more…特殊比较句型。该句型表示进度成正比例。可译为“越……越……”。前一个the是关系副词,后一个the是指示副词,前面是从句,后面是主句。例如:
①The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.书读得越多,知识就越渊博。
②The smaller the mind (is), the greater the conceit (is). 心胸越狭窄, 则越自大。
28.so am I, so do I (肯定); neither/nor am I, neither do I (否定)表示强调。例如:
①You have finished your homework. So have I(=I have finished my homework too).
你已经做完作业。我也做完了。
②He oughtn’t to make such a mistake. Neither ought you. 他不应该犯这样的错误。你也不应该。
29.all (that)…表示强调。句中的all(=the only thing) 有“只/不过”的意思。例如:
①All (that) you have to do is studying hard. 你只要发奋用功就好了。
②That is all that I can do to help you. 我能帮你的就是这些。
30.what, who, where, when 引导的部分强调句式。这种结构只用来强调句中的主语和宾语。例如:
①What my younger daughter likes is chocolate cake. 我的小女儿喜欢的是巧克力蛋糕。
②This is where the accident took place. 这就是事故的发生地点。
1. do (does, did) 加强肯定句中现在时态和过去时态动词的语意。注意原形动词前加do (does, did)才是强调用法。例如:
①——Do you like the novel Jane Eyre? 你喜欢《简•爱》这本小说吗?
——Yes, I do like it. 是的,我的确喜欢它。
②He said that he would come and he did come. 他说过他要来,他果真来了。
2. “It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+句子的其余部分”强调句型。
该句型可以用来强调句中除谓语之外的任何部分;不论强调句子的哪一部分,都可用that连接句子的其余部分;被强调部分指人且作主语或宾语时,可用who代替that,被强调部分指人且作宾语时,也可用whom代替who。例如:
①It is I who/that am to blame. 应该受责备的是我。
②I have nothing to confess. What it is that you want me to say?
我没有什么要承认的。你想要我说什么呢?
③It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
人只有生了病才意识到健康的价值。
3. very 加强名词的语意。very这样用时,前面带the, this, that或所有格代词my, his等。例如:
①At that very moment the telephone rang. 就在那个时候电话铃响了。
②You are the very person (that) I want to see. 你正是我想要见的人。
4. ever加强疑问词what, which, who, where, when, why, how等的语意。书写时,ever和疑问词分开写。可译为“究竟/到底”。例如:
①What ever do you mean by saying that? 你说那话究竟是什么意思?
②When/Where/How ever did you lose your car? 你到底什么时候/在什么地方/怎么丢了车的呢?
另外,ever还可以用来加强so, such的意思。在比较句中,ever用来加强as…as…语气。例如:
①Thank you ever so much. 非常感谢你。
②I’ll tell him as soon as ever he arrives. 他一到我就告诉他。
5.even用来加强语气。表示没有料到的或使人惊奇的事情,用于表意外的词语前。例如:
①Even the sun has spots. 就连太阳也有黑点。
②He has read very few English novels—not even Jane Eyre.
他很少看英文小说,就连《简•爱》也没看过。
6.反身代词itself, oneself加强名词或代词的语意。可译作“亲自/即使/也”。例如:
①The moon itself cannot give us light. 月亮本身不会给我们一点光亮。
②Confucius himself was not free from faults. 人非圣贤,孰能无过。
7.“all+抽象名词”表示强调语气。all+抽象名词=very+形容词,但语气更强。例如:
①Safety is all importance. 安全第一。
②He is all kindness. (=very kind/kindness itself) 他非常和蔼可亲。
8.at all 加强否定句或条件句的语气。at all这样用时,可译为“根本”。有时也可用于疑问句和肯定句中。例如:
①If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all.
如果没有太阳,我们就根本不可能生存。
②If you do anything at all, you should do it thoroughly.
如果你真要做什么事情,就应当把它彻底做好。
9.the last 表示强烈的否定意义。例如:
①I would be the last person in the world to deny this. 我决不否认这一点。
②This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我万万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。
10.many a 表示“许许多多”的意思。后跟单数名词,比many的语气更强。例如:
①Many a student has realized the importance of learning a foreign language.
许许多多的学生已认识到学外语的重要性。
②Many a little makes a mickle. 积少成多。/集腋成裘。
11.in the world, on earth, under the sun 等,表示强调。用于疑问句和否定句,分别作“究竟”和“全然”讲。例如:
①Where under the sun did you go? 你究竟上哪儿去了?
②Nothing on earth will satisfy him. 什么也不能满足他。
12.the hell, the devil和疑问词who, what, where等连用,加强语气。意思是“究竟/到底”。例如:
①Where the hell have you been hiding? 你究竟躲到哪里去了?
②Who the devil is the one standing over there? 站在那边的那个人到底是谁?
13.not for the world, not for worlds, not on your life 表示强烈的否定。例如:
①I wouldn’t hurt her feelings for the world. 我决不伤害她的感情。
②Not for worlds would he let his children go hungry. 他决不会让孩子们挨饿。
14.little 后跟动词know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示强烈的否定。其意思相当于not at all。例如:
①Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.
他根本不知道警察就要逮捕他了。
②They little suspect that their secret has been discovered.
他们丝毫没有想到秘密已被人发现了。
15.not后跟 half, nearly, possibly表示强烈的否定。例如:
①My work is not half done yet. 我的工作根本还没有做。
②He can not possibly forget it. 他无论如何也不会忘记。
16.anything like, anywhere near等,用于否定句,加强语气。例如:
①This book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没我想象的那么难。
②She isn’t anywhere near as kind as he is. 她根本不象他那样和气。
17.nice/good and 强调其后的形容词或副词。例如:
①He was nice and angry. 他非常生气。
②Don’t rush me. I’ll do it when I am good and ready.
别催我,等我完全准备好了就去做它。
18.still/much less, still/much more 分别表示强烈否定和肯定。例如:
①He does not know arithmetic, still less algebra. 他俩算术都不懂,就更别提代数了。
②Everyone has a right to enjoy his liberties, much more his life.
每个人都有权利享受自己的自由,更何况其生命。
19.let alone表示强烈否定或肯定。例如:
①I know the whole tune, let alone the words. 不用说歌词,就是整个歌曲我都知道。
②The baby can’t even walk, let alone run. 婴儿连走路都不会,更谈不上跑了。
20.to say the least, not to speak of, not to mention, to say nothing of 加强肯定或否定的语气。例如:
①He has experience, to say nothing of (=as well as) scholarship.
他有经验,又有学问/更不必说学问了。
He has no scholarship, to say nothing of (=much less) experience.
他没有学问,更说不上经验了。
21.much, far, by far, still, a great/good deal, all the, a lot, lots, (a) little, (hardly) any, even, rather, very much, somewhat, a bit, ever, slightly, no等,加强形容词或副词的比较级或最高级。其中,by far可放在比较级或最高级之前或之后;all the用来加强形容词或副词的比较级或跟比较级形容词、副词和从句连用,代替形容词或副词的最高级。例如:
①She is a good/great deal better today. 她今天身体好多了。
He is by far the tallest among us./He is the tallest by far among us.
他在我们这些人中间个子最高。
②Opening the windows made it all the hotter. 打开窗户反而更热。
22.possible, imaginable, conceivable, in existence, alive跟在“the+形容词最高级+名词”之后,加强语气。例如:
①We should finish the work within the shortest time possible.
我们应该在最短时间内完成这项工作。
②This is the best thing imaginable. 这是再好不过的东西了。
23.if ever, if any, if…at all引导从句加强主句的意思。例如:
① He can do it, if ever one can. (=If he can’t do it, no one can.)
如果有人会做这件事,他一定会做。
该句可改写为:
② He can do it, if any one can. 或:He can do it, if there is one who can at all.
24.if a 说明一个人的年龄、身高等。例如:
①I guess that the old man is in his seventies, if a day. 我猜这老人一定七十多岁了。
②The crowd is 2,000 strong, if a man. 人群无论如何不下两千人。
25.and that, and…at that加强其后的词或词组。that是代词,代替前面整句的意思,可译为“而且”。例如:
①He only speaks English and that not very well. 他只会讲英语,而且讲的不是很好。
②It’s an idea, and a good one at that. 这倒是个主意,而且是个好主意。
26.进行时态(现在进行时或过去进行时)往往用来强调主语的某种特征。这样用时便带有感情色彩和力量。例如:
①The kind-hearted woman is always doing things for others.
这个心地善良的女人总是帮别人的忙。(赞扬)
②You are always forgetting to take your keys with you when going out.
你外出时老是忘记带钥匙。(不满或责备)
27.the more…, the more…特殊比较句型。该句型表示进度成正比例。可译为“越……越……”。前一个the是关系副词,后一个the是指示副词,前面是从句,后面是主句。例如:
①The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.书读得越多,知识就越渊博。
②The smaller the mind (is), the greater the conceit (is). 心胸越狭窄, 则越自大。
28.so am I, so do I (肯定); neither/nor am I, neither do I (否定)表示强调。例如:
①You have finished your homework. So have I(=I have finished my homework too).
你已经做完作业。我也做完了。
②He oughtn’t to make such a mistake. Neither ought you. 他不应该犯这样的错误。你也不应该。
29.all (that)…表示强调。句中的all(=the only thing) 有“只/不过”的意思。例如:
①All (that) you have to do is studying hard. 你只要发奋用功就好了。
②That is all that I can do to help you. 我能帮你的就是这些。
30.what, who, where, when 引导的部分强调句式。这种结构只用来强调句中的主语和宾语。例如:
①What my younger daughter likes is chocolate cake. 我的小女儿喜欢的是巧克力蛋糕。
②This is where the accident took place. 这就是事故的发生地点。