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【摘 要】本文从单句改错 100 道题做起，从动词错误、非谓语动词使用错误、连词使用错误、词性使用错误、名词使用错误、冠词使用错误、介词使用错误、代词使用错误、偷换概念、词语固定搭配、句法的测试等方面分门别类归纳和总结高考英语短文改错涉及的考点，探索提高学生高考英语短文改错能力的策略。
【关键词】高中 英语短文改错 单句改错
【中图分类号】G 【文献标识码】A
【文章编号】0450-9889（2017）08B-0154-03
高中英语短文改错是历年来全国普通英语高考必考的题型之一。短文改错题旨在检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章错误的能力，进而考查学生的词法、句法及行文逻辑等方面的水平，考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。短文改错考查涉及面广，但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词，主要考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态动词和动词短语搭配等用法。此外，还考查名词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、副词、连词等，还涉及句型结构、行文逻辑、固定搭配等。
短文改错的解题关键在于找到文中错误。而如何找错误、发现错误的关键就是要拥有正确的知识和信息。知道正确的才能改正错误的。下面就短文改错涉及的考点分门别类的进行归纳和总结。
一、动词错误
动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大，它所涉及的错误包括动词的时态、语态错误，易混动词的用法错误，动词的第三人称单数错误，动词短语搭配错误及非谓语动词形式错误等。
（一）动词的时态、语态错误
1.Time flew very fast.（flies）
2.I remembered her words and calm down.（calmed）
3.Our roads were never designing for such a heavy traffic.（designed）
4.The weather has been turned out bad finally.（been＼）
（二）動词本身使用错误
5.We must learn to receive change.（accept）
6.Tom’s mother brought him to the sea on Saturday.（took）
（三）动词短语搭配错误
7.They can’t imagine a girl so young live alone.（living）
8.Mother hopes her to go to university.（wishes）
9.Mr.Li will return back to Beijing in two days.（back＼）
10.Please repeat it again.（again＼）
二、非谓语动词使用错误
一个主语只能带一个谓语动词，其他的动词只能做非谓语。非谓语动词的出现是因为句子中已有谓语动词，就不能再作谓语，不作谓语可能作主语、宾语、表语、状语、补语、定语等。
11.He is from America，judged by his accent.（judging）
12.Australia is one of the English_spoken countries.（speaking）
13.There are still a few minutes leaving before the match begins（left）
14.The smaller stones，still weighed four tons on average，came from Wales.（weighing）
15.Comparing with /to what it is now，it was a small village then.（Compared）
16.Losing in thought ，he sat there.（Lost）
17.He found someone seating at the back of the classroom.（seated）
18.He set up a school aiming at helping the poor children in remote villages.（aimed）
19.The students ，tiring after the trip， fell asleep in the class.（tired）
20.Seeing from the hill， the city looks more beautiful.（Seen）
三、连词使用错误
短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，连词是连接句子的，使用哪个连词是根据语境判断的。两个句子只需一个连词，即一个连词连接两个句子。此外，如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题。平行结构常借助于并列连词 and，or，but，not only…but also…，not…but…，either…or…，neither …nor…as well as etc。
21.Although he is young，but he knows a lot.（but＼）
22.Because he is ill， so he didn’t go to school.（so＼） 23.Boy as he is，but he likes dancing.（but＼）
24.I was about to leave while the telephone rang.（when）
25.He was good at maths when she was good at English.（while）
26.She was smiling but nodding at me.（and）
27.It doesn’t matter that I will win or not.（whether）
28.I can do all what I can to help you.（that or all＼）
29.An architect is to architecture that a painter is to art.（what）
30.The old couple have two sons， both of them are doctors.（whom）
31.During these three months，he asked a lot of questions，most of them were not about his lessons.（which）
32.The boy had too many strange questions that the teacher could not answer all of them.（so）
33.If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.（Whether）
34.The reason why he couldn’t go to school is because he was ill.（that）
35.Which is known to us all， China is famous for china.（As）
四、词性使用错误
词性使用错误主要是学生对词的属性不了解以及形容词副词的级别混淆不清。形容词是修饰语，修饰名词作定语，以及表语和补语。副词是修饰动词或形容词的。一些动词兼作连系动词，后面是要用形容词的等。
36.The meat tastes well.（good）
37.I hope everything goes smooth.（smoothly）
38.“Can’t you read？”Mary said angry.（angrily）
39.Mr.Wang is possible to come tomorrow.（likely）
40.Finally Jack couldn’t stand it any long.（longer）
41.Little Lucy went to school happily and excited with a small bag.（excitedly）
42.The classroom is much big than that one.（bigger）
43.Smoking is harm to your health.）（harmful）
44.Jack shows a great interested in maths.（interest）
45.Every day Wang fang walks cross the bridge.（across）
五、名詞使用错误
名词使用主要是考查名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致等问题。英语中名词的可数与不可数性与汉语中的概念差距很大，不能受母语的思维定式的影响。
（一）可数名词前无a or an或不加_s
46.She said that she and my schoolmate all washed me success.（schoolmates）
47.I caught∧ glimpse of her when I left.（∧a）
48.“Be quiet .”she said in∧ low voice.（∧a）
49.He got up and left in∧ hurry.（∧a）
50.Everybody wants to leave∧ good impression on others.（∧a）
（二）不可数名词前却加了a or an或 _s
51.I have got a wonderful news.（a＼）
52.I caught a sight of her in the crowd.（a＼）
53.The earthquake did lots of damages to the area.（damage）
54.What a great fun！（a＼）
55.She has got lots of informations about it.（information）
六、冠词使用错误
英语中只有三个冠词，但用起来却很复杂。在短文改错中，错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用，不该用时却用了；该用 an用了 a，该用 a（n）却用了 the 及错误使用固定短语等。
56.I meant to write ∧letter and tell you all the things…（∧a） 57.He is considered as a honest boy.（an）
58.He has been ill for long.Now he is in the hospital.（the＼）
59.He came on a unusual day.（an）
60.He graduated from an university.（a）
NOTES：in church 做礼拜 in the church 在教堂
In prison 蹲监狱 in the prison 在监狱里
In class 在上课 in the class在教室里
In school 在校求学 in the school在学校里
七、介词使用错误
介词使用错误主要是动词短语和介词短语固定搭配使用错误。
61.If you break the law，you’ll end up with prison.（in）
62.So he wanted to send Tom away at school.（from）
63.We feel they are as our dear parents.（like）
64.Like us students，we should study hard.（As）
65.I was caught by the rain and was wet through.（in）
66.They can choose among different kinds of Chinese food and foreign food.（between）
67.The child is old enough to attend at his own needs.（to）
68.The government provided the victims for necessary goods.（with）
69.He is very grateful for his parents.（to）
70.She is accustomed to teach at middle school.（teaching）
八、代詞使用错误
代词使用错误包括人称代词的格（主格.宾格），形容词性和名词性的物主代词，反身代词（主语和宾语是同一人称时），替代词等使用错误。
71.He found him lying on the ground when he woke up.（himself）
72.I taught his English when he was young.（him）
73.Now I can go online and have an e-friend to keep my company.（me）
74.Since you are hungry，why not have any bread first？（some）
75.Li Tao said he found ∧difficult to learn English.（∧it）
76.Isn’t that strange that he should have left without telling us？（it）
九、“TO”使用错误
TO有双重功能，既是动词不定式的标志，也是介词，后面搭名词或动名词。
77.I’m looking forward to receive your letter.（receiving）
78.The day I’m looking forward to coming at last.（came）
79.Please try to get your father∧ give up smoking.（∧to）
80.Don’t let him to speak it out.（to＼）
81.Little Tom was made∧ work 12 hours a day.（∧to）
82.Jack is now used to live in China.（living）
83.The knife is used to cutting beef.（cut）
十、偷换概念
偷换概念从语法的角度和句式结构上看都没有任何错误，但从上下文的逻辑关系上却出现矛盾。前言不搭后语，甚至性别错乱、情景混乱等错误。
（下转第161页）
（上接第155页）
84.One day，a girl received a gift，so he felt happy.（she）
85.The two used to see much of each other，but they have ∧been able to do so since one of them moved to another city.（∧not）
86.Fortunately，when we got to the cinema，we found all the tickets had been sold out.（Unfortunately）
十一、词语固定搭配
主要考查英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配，如介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后错用介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词等。 87.My teacher advised me to keep my diary.（a）
88.In my surprise，he did very well in his previous job.（To）
89.I thought that was dull to watch a game.（it）
90.I have no difficulty learn maths.（learning）
91.He spends too much time play games.（playing）
十二、句法的測试
（一）主谓语在数上的一致
92.I hope everything are all right with you.（is）
（二）名词性从句
93.A man came up to him and asked that he needed.（what）
94.She said that she would do that she could to help me.（what）
（三）定语从句
95.This would save the life of many animals，some of them have almost died out.（which）
96.I will do everything what I can to help you.（that或删除what）
（四）强调句型
It is/was +被强调的部分+that/who…
97.It was in 1949 when he joined the army.（that）
98.It was Tom whom was to blame.（who）
99.It was in the restaurant where he ate his supper which he lost his wallet.（that）
100.It was in the morning when he arrived.（that）
以上归纳总结了英语短文改错中常见的错误题型，学生要逐渐体会和把握短文改错这一题型的规律。同时，在平时写作过程中要十分注意自己容易犯的语法错误，还可以通过看其他同学的习作，欣赏的同时也可有意识地把该习作进行一下“改错”。学生除多做改错专项练习外，也要做与短文改错题型相关的其他练习，从而通过系列练习提升短文改错能力。
【参考文献】
[1]丁言仁.英语语言学纲要[M].上海：上海外语出版社，2001
[2]冯崔华.英语修辞大全[K].北京：商务印书馆，1996
[3]黄国文.语篇与语言得到功能[M].北京：北京教学与研究出版社，2002
【作者简介】骆 勤（1966— ），女，甘肃临洮人，甘肃省兰州第五十一中学外语组英语教师，中学高级职称。
（责编 刘 影）
【关键词】高中 英语短文改错 单句改错
【中图分类号】G 【文献标识码】A
【文章编号】0450-9889（2017）08B-0154-03
高中英语短文改错是历年来全国普通英语高考必考的题型之一。短文改错题旨在检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章错误的能力，进而考查学生的词法、句法及行文逻辑等方面的水平，考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。短文改错考查涉及面广，但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词，主要考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态动词和动词短语搭配等用法。此外，还考查名词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、副词、连词等，还涉及句型结构、行文逻辑、固定搭配等。
短文改错的解题关键在于找到文中错误。而如何找错误、发现错误的关键就是要拥有正确的知识和信息。知道正确的才能改正错误的。下面就短文改错涉及的考点分门别类的进行归纳和总结。
一、动词错误
动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大，它所涉及的错误包括动词的时态、语态错误，易混动词的用法错误，动词的第三人称单数错误，动词短语搭配错误及非谓语动词形式错误等。
（一）动词的时态、语态错误
1.Time flew very fast.（flies）
2.I remembered her words and calm down.（calmed）
3.Our roads were never designing for such a heavy traffic.（designed）
4.The weather has been turned out bad finally.（been＼）
（二）動词本身使用错误
5.We must learn to receive change.（accept）
6.Tom’s mother brought him to the sea on Saturday.（took）
（三）动词短语搭配错误
7.They can’t imagine a girl so young live alone.（living）
8.Mother hopes her to go to university.（wishes）
9.Mr.Li will return back to Beijing in two days.（back＼）
10.Please repeat it again.（again＼）
二、非谓语动词使用错误
一个主语只能带一个谓语动词，其他的动词只能做非谓语。非谓语动词的出现是因为句子中已有谓语动词，就不能再作谓语，不作谓语可能作主语、宾语、表语、状语、补语、定语等。
11.He is from America，judged by his accent.（judging）
12.Australia is one of the English_spoken countries.（speaking）
13.There are still a few minutes leaving before the match begins（left）
14.The smaller stones，still weighed four tons on average，came from Wales.（weighing）
15.Comparing with /to what it is now，it was a small village then.（Compared）
16.Losing in thought ，he sat there.（Lost）
17.He found someone seating at the back of the classroom.（seated）
18.He set up a school aiming at helping the poor children in remote villages.（aimed）
19.The students ，tiring after the trip， fell asleep in the class.（tired）
20.Seeing from the hill， the city looks more beautiful.（Seen）
三、连词使用错误
短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，连词是连接句子的，使用哪个连词是根据语境判断的。两个句子只需一个连词，即一个连词连接两个句子。此外，如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题。平行结构常借助于并列连词 and，or，but，not only…but also…，not…but…，either…or…，neither …nor…as well as etc。
21.Although he is young，but he knows a lot.（but＼）
22.Because he is ill， so he didn’t go to school.（so＼） 23.Boy as he is，but he likes dancing.（but＼）
24.I was about to leave while the telephone rang.（when）
25.He was good at maths when she was good at English.（while）
26.She was smiling but nodding at me.（and）
27.It doesn’t matter that I will win or not.（whether）
28.I can do all what I can to help you.（that or all＼）
29.An architect is to architecture that a painter is to art.（what）
30.The old couple have two sons， both of them are doctors.（whom）
31.During these three months，he asked a lot of questions，most of them were not about his lessons.（which）
32.The boy had too many strange questions that the teacher could not answer all of them.（so）
33.If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.（Whether）
34.The reason why he couldn’t go to school is because he was ill.（that）
35.Which is known to us all， China is famous for china.（As）
四、词性使用错误
词性使用错误主要是学生对词的属性不了解以及形容词副词的级别混淆不清。形容词是修饰语，修饰名词作定语，以及表语和补语。副词是修饰动词或形容词的。一些动词兼作连系动词，后面是要用形容词的等。
36.The meat tastes well.（good）
37.I hope everything goes smooth.（smoothly）
38.“Can’t you read？”Mary said angry.（angrily）
39.Mr.Wang is possible to come tomorrow.（likely）
40.Finally Jack couldn’t stand it any long.（longer）
41.Little Lucy went to school happily and excited with a small bag.（excitedly）
42.The classroom is much big than that one.（bigger）
43.Smoking is harm to your health.）（harmful）
44.Jack shows a great interested in maths.（interest）
45.Every day Wang fang walks cross the bridge.（across）
五、名詞使用错误
名词使用主要是考查名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致等问题。英语中名词的可数与不可数性与汉语中的概念差距很大，不能受母语的思维定式的影响。
（一）可数名词前无a or an或不加_s
46.She said that she and my schoolmate all washed me success.（schoolmates）
47.I caught∧ glimpse of her when I left.（∧a）
48.“Be quiet .”she said in∧ low voice.（∧a）
49.He got up and left in∧ hurry.（∧a）
50.Everybody wants to leave∧ good impression on others.（∧a）
（二）不可数名词前却加了a or an或 _s
51.I have got a wonderful news.（a＼）
52.I caught a sight of her in the crowd.（a＼）
53.The earthquake did lots of damages to the area.（damage）
54.What a great fun！（a＼）
55.She has got lots of informations about it.（information）
六、冠词使用错误
英语中只有三个冠词，但用起来却很复杂。在短文改错中，错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用，不该用时却用了；该用 an用了 a，该用 a（n）却用了 the 及错误使用固定短语等。
56.I meant to write ∧letter and tell you all the things…（∧a） 57.He is considered as a honest boy.（an）
58.He has been ill for long.Now he is in the hospital.（the＼）
59.He came on a unusual day.（an）
60.He graduated from an university.（a）
NOTES：in church 做礼拜 in the church 在教堂
In prison 蹲监狱 in the prison 在监狱里
In class 在上课 in the class在教室里
In school 在校求学 in the school在学校里
七、介词使用错误
介词使用错误主要是动词短语和介词短语固定搭配使用错误。
61.If you break the law，you’ll end up with prison.（in）
62.So he wanted to send Tom away at school.（from）
63.We feel they are as our dear parents.（like）
64.Like us students，we should study hard.（As）
65.I was caught by the rain and was wet through.（in）
66.They can choose among different kinds of Chinese food and foreign food.（between）
67.The child is old enough to attend at his own needs.（to）
68.The government provided the victims for necessary goods.（with）
69.He is very grateful for his parents.（to）
70.She is accustomed to teach at middle school.（teaching）
八、代詞使用错误
代词使用错误包括人称代词的格（主格.宾格），形容词性和名词性的物主代词，反身代词（主语和宾语是同一人称时），替代词等使用错误。
71.He found him lying on the ground when he woke up.（himself）
72.I taught his English when he was young.（him）
73.Now I can go online and have an e-friend to keep my company.（me）
74.Since you are hungry，why not have any bread first？（some）
75.Li Tao said he found ∧difficult to learn English.（∧it）
76.Isn’t that strange that he should have left without telling us？（it）
九、“TO”使用错误
TO有双重功能，既是动词不定式的标志，也是介词，后面搭名词或动名词。
77.I’m looking forward to receive your letter.（receiving）
78.The day I’m looking forward to coming at last.（came）
79.Please try to get your father∧ give up smoking.（∧to）
80.Don’t let him to speak it out.（to＼）
81.Little Tom was made∧ work 12 hours a day.（∧to）
82.Jack is now used to live in China.（living）
83.The knife is used to cutting beef.（cut）
十、偷换概念
偷换概念从语法的角度和句式结构上看都没有任何错误，但从上下文的逻辑关系上却出现矛盾。前言不搭后语，甚至性别错乱、情景混乱等错误。
（下转第161页）
（上接第155页）
84.One day，a girl received a gift，so he felt happy.（she）
85.The two used to see much of each other，but they have ∧been able to do so since one of them moved to another city.（∧not）
86.Fortunately，when we got to the cinema，we found all the tickets had been sold out.（Unfortunately）
十一、词语固定搭配
主要考查英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配，如介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后错用介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词等。 87.My teacher advised me to keep my diary.（a）
88.In my surprise，he did very well in his previous job.（To）
89.I thought that was dull to watch a game.（it）
90.I have no difficulty learn maths.（learning）
91.He spends too much time play games.（playing）
十二、句法的測试
（一）主谓语在数上的一致
92.I hope everything are all right with you.（is）
（二）名词性从句
93.A man came up to him and asked that he needed.（what）
94.She said that she would do that she could to help me.（what）
（三）定语从句
95.This would save the life of many animals，some of them have almost died out.（which）
96.I will do everything what I can to help you.（that或删除what）
（四）强调句型
It is/was +被强调的部分+that/who…
97.It was in 1949 when he joined the army.（that）
98.It was Tom whom was to blame.（who）
99.It was in the restaurant where he ate his supper which he lost his wallet.（that）
100.It was in the morning when he arrived.（that）
以上归纳总结了英语短文改错中常见的错误题型，学生要逐渐体会和把握短文改错这一题型的规律。同时，在平时写作过程中要十分注意自己容易犯的语法错误，还可以通过看其他同学的习作，欣赏的同时也可有意识地把该习作进行一下“改错”。学生除多做改错专项练习外，也要做与短文改错题型相关的其他练习，从而通过系列练习提升短文改错能力。
【参考文献】
[1]丁言仁.英语语言学纲要[M].上海：上海外语出版社，2001
[2]冯崔华.英语修辞大全[K].北京：商务印书馆，1996
[3]黄国文.语篇与语言得到功能[M].北京：北京教学与研究出版社，2002
【作者简介】骆 勤（1966— ），女，甘肃临洮人，甘肃省兰州第五十一中学外语组英语教师，中学高级职称。
（责编 刘 影）