先秦思想具备多元的特征是不言而喻的,这不仅指学派的纷呈,也指同一学派内部面貌的复杂。这一点虽然是学界共识,然而,对这个问题有深刻体会并加以正视却是在出土文献大量涌现之后。过去的研究大多只能依赖传世文献, It is self-evident that the pre-Qin thoughts possess multiple characteristics. This not only refers to the numerous schools of thought, but also refers to the internal complexities of the same school. Although this is the academic consensus, however, having a deep understanding of this issue and looking squarely at it has come after a large number of unearthed documents have emerged. Most of the past research can only rely on handed down documents,