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摘要 英语中不少语言现象,或形似,或意似,却又有各自的表达习惯和场合,学生极易混淆。这就需要教师在教学中通过比较,加以鉴别。要对语言做出鉴别,唯一的途径就是比较,通过比较,以增加其区分度,帮助学生准确地理解和运用。
关键词 相似句 近似句 比较 分析
中图分类号:H314 文献标识码:A
The Comparison between English Similar Structure
Sentence and Meaning Close Sentence
ZHAO Jiamin, WANG Yong
(Zhejiang Changzheng Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)
AbstractThere are many language phenomenon in English, some of which are similar in form while some of which are close in meaning. However, they have different ways of expressions and are used in different situations. This paper is to compare the differences between them so as to help students to understand.
Key wordssimilar structure sentence; meaning close sentence; compare; analyse
英语中很多句子或结构在形式上粗看起来极其相似,但实际上在某些地方还有差别,这样的句子称为形似句。形似句往往很像,稍不注意就会出现理解或表达的错误。对于这类句子我们要做仔细的比较,弄清楚它们的差别和形成这种差别的原因,这样我们就可以:
1 加深对这些句子的领会
请看下列两组句子:
(1)Why don’t you be reasonable ?
Why aren’t you reasonable ?
(2)It’s the teacher that made no mistake in class.
It’s a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
在第一组的两个句子里,第一句用助动词do构成be动词的否定疑问句,这是语义表达的需要。我们知道,Why don’t you … ? 是一个固定的句型,它以反问的形式表示忠告、建议、恳求等意义,在语义上大体相当于含强调助动词do的肯定祈使句。试比较:
(3)Why don’t you be careful ?
Please do be careful.
第二句用be动词本身构成否定疑问句,这一句型往往暗含惋惜或不满之情,即说话人为句中主语没有具备表语所表示的特性而惋惜或不满。试比较:
(4)Why aren’t you be a boy ?
It is a pity that you are not a boy.
每一组中两句的不同还体现在时间的着眼点上,第一句着眼于将来,而第二句着眼于现在,所以不可互换。试比较:
(5)Why aren’t you be a girl ?
Why aren’t you a girl ?
(6)Why aren’t you be a doctor when you graduate ?
Why aren’t you a doctor when you graduate ?
在第二组的两个句子里,第一句是个强势句,其中it是表示强调的it;第二句不是强势句,其中的that引起定语从句修饰主句主语it,it是人称代词,它指代我们心目中所指的某人或某物,因而可以被另一个人称代词或名词代替而不改变原句的意义。试比较:
(7)It is a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
He is a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
第一句不可做如此改写,否则与原句意义不同。试比较:
(8)It is the teacher that made no mistake in class.
He is the teacher that made no mistake in class.
第二组的两句意义不同,前者是“在课堂上不出错的是老师”,后者是“再聪明的老师在课堂上也可能会出错”。两种句型的用途也各异,第一句为强调某一句子成分、突出重点;第二句则为说明某种哲理,发人深思,这种句子最著名的有:
(9)It is a long lane that has no turning.
(10)It is a wise father that knows his own child.
2 避免理解和表达错误
请先比较例句:Japan, as we know, is an economic power.
Japan, as we see it, is an economic power.
在这一组例句中,第二句很容易被理解为第一句的同义句,其实两句意义差别很大。第一句中的从句暗示主句表示的是一个公认的客观事实,全句意为“众所周知,日本是一个经济大国”;第二句的意思是“就我们所知,日本是一个经济大国”,句中的从句暗示主句表示的只是从句主语一种不肯定的、持保留态度的主观看法。
3 防止不恰当的类推
有些句型或结构的用法有时相同有时不同,在学习过程中有时常常只记住相同时的用法而忘记了不同时的用法,于是,碰到不相同时的用法时就往往会用相同时的用法进行错误的类推。例如:
(1)It is important that he should go / go there every day.
It is surprising that he should go / go there every day.
(2)She pulled him by the ear / by the ears.
She clouted him on the ear / on the ears.
英语中还有不少近义词(严格来说,绝对的同义词是没有的,故称近义词),它们往往在用法上难以区别。比较可以显示它们在意义或用法上的细微差别,有助于掌握其使用规则。现举两组句子为例:
(1)She married him, as was natural.
She married him, which was natural.
She married him, as was disgraceful.
She married him, which was disgraceful.
(2)If you don’t arrive before six, I can’t meet you.
If you won’t arrive before six, I can’t meet you.
If you won’t be arriving before six, I can’t meet you.
在第(1)组例句中,as 从句与which从句的意义相近,两者都可以对主句的内容表示评注,但which 从句除表示评注以外还可以表示主句内容所产生的结果,所以which从句既有评注性意义又有结果性意义,用途广泛;而as 从句只有评注性意义,使用面窄。
第(2)组有三个例句,第一句中的条件句用了现在时,表示条件有可能实现;其它两句的条件句中用了将来时,表明该条件纯粹是说话人的一种预测,可能或不可能实现。第二句和第三句的意义非常接近,但第三句更为常见。
通过这样的比较分析,能够增强学生的记忆,帮助他们弄清疑点,展开发散思维,提高运用语言的灵活性和敏捷性,使他们学得活、用得好,激发更强烈的求知欲望。
参考文献
[1]陈申.外语教学中的文化教学[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1999.
[2]许国璋.Culturally-loaded Words and English Language Teaching[A].
[3]宋振羽.语用学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:25.
[4]王福祥.英语笔译综合能力[M].北京:外文出版社,2004:35.
[5]张培基等.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980.
关键词 相似句 近似句 比较 分析
中图分类号:H314 文献标识码:A
The Comparison between English Similar Structure
Sentence and Meaning Close Sentence
ZHAO Jiamin, WANG Yong
(Zhejiang Changzheng Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)
AbstractThere are many language phenomenon in English, some of which are similar in form while some of which are close in meaning. However, they have different ways of expressions and are used in different situations. This paper is to compare the differences between them so as to help students to understand.
Key wordssimilar structure sentence; meaning close sentence; compare; analyse
英语中很多句子或结构在形式上粗看起来极其相似,但实际上在某些地方还有差别,这样的句子称为形似句。形似句往往很像,稍不注意就会出现理解或表达的错误。对于这类句子我们要做仔细的比较,弄清楚它们的差别和形成这种差别的原因,这样我们就可以:
1 加深对这些句子的领会
请看下列两组句子:
(1)Why don’t you be reasonable ?
Why aren’t you reasonable ?
(2)It’s the teacher that made no mistake in class.
It’s a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
在第一组的两个句子里,第一句用助动词do构成be动词的否定疑问句,这是语义表达的需要。我们知道,Why don’t you … ? 是一个固定的句型,它以反问的形式表示忠告、建议、恳求等意义,在语义上大体相当于含强调助动词do的肯定祈使句。试比较:
(3)Why don’t you be careful ?
Please do be careful.
第二句用be动词本身构成否定疑问句,这一句型往往暗含惋惜或不满之情,即说话人为句中主语没有具备表语所表示的特性而惋惜或不满。试比较:
(4)Why aren’t you be a boy ?
It is a pity that you are not a boy.
每一组中两句的不同还体现在时间的着眼点上,第一句着眼于将来,而第二句着眼于现在,所以不可互换。试比较:
(5)Why aren’t you be a girl ?
Why aren’t you a girl ?
(6)Why aren’t you be a doctor when you graduate ?
Why aren’t you a doctor when you graduate ?
在第二组的两个句子里,第一句是个强势句,其中it是表示强调的it;第二句不是强势句,其中的that引起定语从句修饰主句主语it,it是人称代词,它指代我们心目中所指的某人或某物,因而可以被另一个人称代词或名词代替而不改变原句的意义。试比较:
(7)It is a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
He is a wise teacher that makes no mistake in class.
第一句不可做如此改写,否则与原句意义不同。试比较:
(8)It is the teacher that made no mistake in class.
He is the teacher that made no mistake in class.
第二组的两句意义不同,前者是“在课堂上不出错的是老师”,后者是“再聪明的老师在课堂上也可能会出错”。两种句型的用途也各异,第一句为强调某一句子成分、突出重点;第二句则为说明某种哲理,发人深思,这种句子最著名的有:
(9)It is a long lane that has no turning.
(10)It is a wise father that knows his own child.
2 避免理解和表达错误
请先比较例句:Japan, as we know, is an economic power.
Japan, as we see it, is an economic power.
在这一组例句中,第二句很容易被理解为第一句的同义句,其实两句意义差别很大。第一句中的从句暗示主句表示的是一个公认的客观事实,全句意为“众所周知,日本是一个经济大国”;第二句的意思是“就我们所知,日本是一个经济大国”,句中的从句暗示主句表示的只是从句主语一种不肯定的、持保留态度的主观看法。
3 防止不恰当的类推
有些句型或结构的用法有时相同有时不同,在学习过程中有时常常只记住相同时的用法而忘记了不同时的用法,于是,碰到不相同时的用法时就往往会用相同时的用法进行错误的类推。例如:
(1)It is important that he should go / go there every day.
It is surprising that he should go / go there every day.
(2)She pulled him by the ear / by the ears.
She clouted him on the ear / on the ears.
英语中还有不少近义词(严格来说,绝对的同义词是没有的,故称近义词),它们往往在用法上难以区别。比较可以显示它们在意义或用法上的细微差别,有助于掌握其使用规则。现举两组句子为例:
(1)She married him, as was natural.
She married him, which was natural.
She married him, as was disgraceful.
She married him, which was disgraceful.
(2)If you don’t arrive before six, I can’t meet you.
If you won’t arrive before six, I can’t meet you.
If you won’t be arriving before six, I can’t meet you.
在第(1)组例句中,as 从句与which从句的意义相近,两者都可以对主句的内容表示评注,但which 从句除表示评注以外还可以表示主句内容所产生的结果,所以which从句既有评注性意义又有结果性意义,用途广泛;而as 从句只有评注性意义,使用面窄。
第(2)组有三个例句,第一句中的条件句用了现在时,表示条件有可能实现;其它两句的条件句中用了将来时,表明该条件纯粹是说话人的一种预测,可能或不可能实现。第二句和第三句的意义非常接近,但第三句更为常见。
通过这样的比较分析,能够增强学生的记忆,帮助他们弄清疑点,展开发散思维,提高运用语言的灵活性和敏捷性,使他们学得活、用得好,激发更强烈的求知欲望。
参考文献
[1]陈申.外语教学中的文化教学[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1999.
[2]许国璋.Culturally-loaded Words and English Language Teaching[A].
[3]宋振羽.语用学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:25.
[4]王福祥.英语笔译综合能力[M].北京:外文出版社,2004:35.
[5]张培基等.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1980.