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Measuring capillary oxygenation and the surrounding ultrastructure can allow one to monitor a microvascular niche and better understand crucial biological mechanisms.However,capillary oximetry and pericapillary ultrastructure are challenging to measure in vivo.Here we demonstrate a novel optical imaging system,dual-band dual-scan inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (D2-ISOCT),that,for the first time,can simultaneously obtain the following metrics in vivo using endogenous contrast:(1) capillary-level oxygen saturation and arteriolar-level blood flow rates,oxygen delivery rates,and oxygen metabolic rates;(2) spatial characteristics of tissue structures at length scales down to 30 nm;and (3) morphological images up to 2 mm in depth.To illustrate the capabilities of D2-ISOCT,we monitored alterations to capillaries and the surrounding pericapillary tissue (tissue between the capillaries) in the healing response of a mouse ear wound model.The obtained microvascular and ultrastructural metrics corroborated well with each other,showing the promise of D2-ISOCT for becoming a powerful new non-invasive imaging tool.