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长期以来,学术界都认为孔子的天道思想充满着矛盾:一方面把天理解成自然的天,另一方面又把天看成具有人格意识的天;一方面并不肯定鬼神的存在,另一方面又十分重视祭祀。事实上,孔子这种矛盾的天道思想并不奇怪,这一思想实际上统一在孔子的“神道设教”和“中庸”这两个思想下。“神道设教”思想使孔子立足现实生活,关注社会人生,因而回避鬼神之有无问题。“中庸”思想使孔子对祭祀、鬼神、天命等都持一种既不肯定又不否定的态度,因而导致对孔子天道观的不同解读。
For a long period of time, academics all thought that Confucius’s thought of Heaven was full of contradictions: on the one hand, he understood heaven as a natural one, and on the other hand, he regarded heaven as a person with a sense of personality; on the one hand, Also attached great importance to worship. In fact, Confucius’s paradoxical thinking of heaven is not surprising. This idea is actually unified under the two Confucius ideas of “teaching” and “moderateness.” “Shint teachings ” thinking so that Confucius based on real life, concerned about social life, and thus avoid the existence of ghosts without problems. “Doctrine of the Mean ” thought made Confucius hold an attitude of neither affirmation nor denial to worship, spirits, destiny and so on, thus leading to different interpretations of the Confucian outlook on Heaven and Tao.