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本文主要在欧洲语境下讨论合同网络问题。“合同网络”(contractual networks)这个概念既包含多方合同,也包含互相关联的双方合同。合同网络是介于市场与等级(hierarchies)之间的混合组织形式。合同网络不同于市场合同,是因为其当事人不是去人格化的机构,而是基于资源互补性、经仔细挑选的参与者。因此其能完成市场所无法实现的资源整合。网络不同于等级组织,因为无论企业在经济上是否具有依赖性,其在法律上都是一个自主、独立的主体。合同网络的主要特征在于:相互依赖性、关系的稳定性、长期性和多方性。此外,竞争可以补充合作,正如商业伙伴可以在某些项目上合作而在另一些项目上展开竞争。合同网络的重要性在欧盟层面上正日益凸显,这也促使我们去反思以下两项政策:(1)在牵涉企业间的合作时,我们应该如何,以及根据怎样的因素,去区别合同法与公司法;(2)怎样去规制企业间的多方合同。在欧洲层面,合同网络至今也没有得到足够的承认,因为传统的交易合同(exchange contracts)与组织合同(organisational contracts)的二分法,至少在此是得到了默认的遵守。欧盟理事会(European Council)要求欧盟委员会(European Commission)为中小企业(SMEs:Small and Medium Enterprises)制定一套新的框架,而后者于近期启动了《小企业法案》(SmallBusiness Act)项目,其中将包括一部针对中小企业的成文公司法。且不论合同网络从“欧洲合同法”的起草者以及国际私法那里受到的漠视,其确实已在政策制定上,尤其是中小企业间,获得了支持。无论是合同式还是组织式网络,在牵涉竞争、增长的政策时,其越来越频繁的应用都表明有必要去与相应的私法领域的管理相配合。本文建议:应该确定一套欧洲合同网络原则(PECON:Principles ofEuropean contractual networks),并使其与现行的欧洲民法草案相一致。笔者草拟了一些可行性的指导意见,并指出根据罗马Ⅰ规则协调实体法原则与国际私法原则的必要性。本文还提议:小企业法案应当吸收规范合同网络的指导性规则,无论该网络是国内的抑或是跨越欧洲的。
This article addresses contractual network issues mainly in European contexts. “Contractual networks ” (contractual networks) concept includes both multi-party contracts, as well as inter-related contractual parties. Contract networks are a mix of organizations between hierarchies of markets and hierarchies. Contracting networks differ from market contracts because their clients are not governed by the agency, but are carefully selected participants based on complementary resources. Therefore, it can accomplish the unification of resources in the market. Networks are different from hierarchical organizations because they are legally independent and independent entities regardless of whether the firm is economically dependent. The main features of the contract network are: interdependence, the stability of the relationship, long-term and multi-faceted. In addition, competition can complement cooperation, just as business partners can compete on some projects while others compete. The importance of a contract network is increasingly prominent at the level of the EU, which also prompts us to reflect on the following two policies: (1) how we should and how factors differentiate contractual law and Company law; (2) how to regulate multi-party contracts between enterprises. At the European level, the contract network has so far not been sufficiently recognized because the traditional dichotomy between exchange contracts and organisational contracts is, at least in this case, acquiesced. The European Council has asked the European Commission to create a new framework for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which recently launched the Small Business Act project, of which Will include a written company law for SMEs. Regardless of the disregard of the contractual network from drafters of the European Contract Law and private international law, it has indeed gained support in policymaking, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises. Whether it is contractual or organizational networks, the increasingly frequent application of policies that involve competition and growth has shown the need to align with the management of the respective areas of private law. This paper suggests that a set of PECON Principles of European Contractual Networks should be identified and made consistent with the current draft European Civil Code. The author drew up some feasible guidelines and pointed out the necessity of harmonizing substantive law principles and private international law principles in accordance with the Rome I rules. The paper also suggests that the Small Business Act should incorporate the guiding rules governing the contractual networks, whether domestic or across the European.