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明代女真的部落组织人数较多,结构复杂,远非一个统一的整体。通常它是按两种方式划分的:一种按血缘组织层层划分,包括哈拉、穆昆、乌克孙;另一种按基层地域组织即噶栅(村屯)来划分。在实际生活中,这两种划分,又以不同方式相互交错在一起。关于明代女真的血缘组织形态,笔者已另撰专文,这里主要以代表女真社会发展方向的建州女真为研究对象,就其地域组织噶栅的形态、结构特点、与血缘组织的关系等具体问题,略作讨论。
The number of jurchen tribes in the Ming Dynasty was relatively large with complex structures, far from being a unified whole. It is usually divided in two ways: one by tier of bloodline organizations, including Hala, Muqun, and Uchisar; the other is divided by the basic-level regional organization, Karma (village). In real life, these two divisions are also intertwined in different ways. As for the kinship organization in the Ming Dynasty, I have written another article, mainly on the basis of the Jurchen Jurchen, which represents the social development of Jurchen, as the research object. On the specific issues such as the form, structure and relationship with Karma , A little discussion.