民主的政治侧面与生产的量的扩张之间的关系是日韩奇迹的表层结构,而被忽视的经济民主与生产的质的和量的扩张之间的关系则是日韩奇迹的深层结构。进一步来说,经济民主有宏观和微观两个层次,而作为微观经济民主表现形式的产业民主则有工具性的和价值性的意义。产业民主在日韩的演变轨迹从不同的方向表明,劳资关系形成初期的制度安排对劳资关系和政治结构的长期走向具有重要影响。考虑到中国在可以预计的将来仍将以制造业立国,主动而有序地推动企业层面的产业民主,应该成为提高劳动者技能、推动生产的质的扩张的战略选择,这种微观的经济民主战略有助于在中国建构更为广泛的民主。东亚地区的整体崛起是20世纪后半期世界政治经济体系中最重要的变化之一,而作为该地区最新赶超者的中国的持续发展则进一步提升了这一变化的意义。日韩是所谓发展型国家的主要代表,而中国的发展过程明显具有发展型国家的特点,因此日韩如何在维持一党长期执政或威权体制的同时,实现生产的快速与持续扩张,是中国的东亚观察家们长期以来最为关心的主题之一。~①在这样的背景之下,我国学界对日韩的政治体制和经济发展进行了大量研究。但是,这些研究对日韩经验的把握往往是不全面的。具体来说,民主可以区分为政治民主和经济民主,而生产扩张则可以区分为生产上量的扩张和质的扩张。上述研究基本上集中于政治民主与生产的量的扩张之间的关系方面,忽视了经济民主与生产的两种扩张之间的关系。笔者认为,民主的政治侧面与生产的量的扩张之间的关系仅仅是日韩奇迹的表层结构,而被忽视的经济民主与生产的两种扩张之间的关系则构成了日韩奇迹的深层结构。进一步来说,经济民主具有宏观和微观两个层次,而作为微观经济民主表现形式的产业民主则存在着工具性的和价值性的两种形态。产业民主在日韩有不同的演变轨迹。这样的演变各有其政治背景,但是对两国的生产扩张和政治民主的发展都产生了重要影响;这些影响与日韩奇迹的表层结构一起构成对中国的借鉴意义。 The relationship between the political dimension of democracy and the expansion of production is the superficial structure of the miracles of Japan and South Korea while the relationship between the neglected economic democracy and the qualitative and quantitative expansion of production is the deep structure of the miracles of Japan and South Korea. Further, economic democracy has macro and micro levels, while industrial democracy, which is a form of micro-economic democracy, has instrumental and valuable meanings. The evolution of industrial democracy in Japan and South Korea shows in different directions that the institutional arrangements at the beginning of the formation of the labor-capital relations have an important influence on the long-term trend of industrial relations and political structure. Taking into account that China will continue to establish itself as a manufacturing country in the foreseeable future, it will be a strategic choice to promote industrial-level democratization at the enterprise level initiatively and in an orderly manner. This micro-economic democracy should be a strategic choice to enhance the skills of workers and promote the qualitative expansion of production The strategy helps build a broader democracy in China. The overall rise of East Asia is one of the most significant changes in the world political and economic system in the latter half of the 20th century. The continuous development of China as the latest catch-up in the region further enhances the significance of this change. Japan and South Korea are the main representatives of the so-called developing countries. The development of China obviously has the characteristics of a developing country. Therefore, how Japan and South Korea can achieve rapid and sustained expansion of production while maintaining one-party long-term governance or an authoritarian system is a time when China Of East Asian observers have long been one of the most concerned topics. In this context, scholars in our country have done a lot of research on the political system and economic development in Japan and South Korea. However, these researches do not always grasp the experience of Japan and South Korea. Specifically, democracy can be divided into political democracy and economic democracy, while the expansion of production can be divided into the amount of production expansion and qualitative expansion. The above studies have largely focused on the relationship between political democracy and the expansion of production, ignoring the relationship between economic democracy and the two types of expansion of production. The author believes that the relationship between the political aspect of democracy and the expansion of production is merely the surface structure of the miracles of Japan and South Korea while the relationship between the neglected economic democratization and the two kinds of expansion of production constitutes a deep layer of the miracles of Japan and South Korea structure. Further, economic democracy has two levels of macroscopic and microcosmic, and the industrial democracy as a micro-economic democratic manifestation exists in two forms: instrumental and value. Industrial democracy has different evolutionary trajectories in Japan and South Korea. Such evolutions each have their own political background. However, they both have an important impact on the expansion of production and the development of political democracy in both countries. These influences, together with the superficial structure of the miracles of Japan and South Korea, constitute the reference to China.