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《维也纳领事关系公约》是领事保护制度的基石,但在施行过程中却呈现出明显的制度困境。公约中退出权条款的缺失,使得公约一度陷入退出危机。欧盟共同领事保护制度开创了区域组织对公民进行领事保护的先河,并为其他区域性组织的领事保护合作提供了借鉴。但区域共同领事保护制度的盛行,很有可能架空公约所确立的原则与制度。《维也纳领事关系公约》作为人权保护的国际法渊源,国际社会应对其予以关注并进行革新。首先,公约中应明确设置危机中的国际责任例外原则,为第三国或国际组织的救援行动提供国际法依据;其次,公约应借鉴欧盟的领导国制度,以加强海外突发事件中的紧急撤离援助;再次,公约应明确限制成员国的肆意退出。
The “Vienna Convention on Consular Relations” is the cornerstone of the consular protection system, but it shows obvious institutional dilemmas in its implementation. The absence of the clause on the right of withdrawal in the convention made the convention once retreat from the crisis. The consular protection system of the European Union has created the precedent for consular protection of citizens by regional organizations and provided reference for the consular protection and cooperation of other regional organizations. However, the prevalence of the common consular protection system in the region is likely to override the principles and systems established by the convention. The “Vienna Convention on Consular Relations” As a source of international law on the protection of human rights, the international community should pay attention to it and make innovations. First of all, the convention should clearly set out the exception principle of international responsibility in crisis and provide international law basis for the rescue operation of a third country or an international organization. Second, the convention should draw lessons from the leadership system of the European Union so as to reinforce the emergency evacuation assistance in overseas emergencies Thirdly, the convention should clearly limit the arbitrary withdrawal of member states.