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19、20世纪之交,“科学”一词在中国初现,虽与教育相关,却不特指分科教育。新政时期,中国朝野皆以日本教育作为汲取“科学”的管道,使得晚清新教育与日本“科学”紧密结合,从而形成教科意义上的“科学”概念。这种“科学”概念的生成体现了朝野各方“以日为师”方向上的同一性,但“科学”意义之上负载了不同的政治理想。清政府整体移植日本官办教育体系,以期巩固“政教合一”的专制政权。在野士人通过教育接引日本的启蒙思想,从中寻求改造社会的思想资源,二者在政治上的对立越演越烈。教科之“科学”的生成是“科学”概念在教育领域泛化的结果,它在学术与政治两方面都动摇了清政府的专制统治。
At the turn of the 20th and 20th centuries, the word “science” appeared in China. Although it is related to education, it does not specifically refer to the branch education. During the period of the New Deal, all the Chinese government and ruling circles took the Japanese education as the conduit for learning “science”, and closely integrated the new education in late Qing Dynasty with Japan’s “science” to form the “science” concept in the sense of education. The generation of such a concept of “science” embodies the identity of all parties in the government and the public in the direction of “using day as teacher”, but different political ideals are loaded on the meaning of “science”. The Qing government transplants the Japanese government-run educational system as a whole, with a view to consolidating the “political and religious unity” autocratic regime. In the process of the gentry seeking to enlighten Japan’s enlightenment through education and seeking the ideological resources to reform society, the opposition between the two becomes more and more intense. The formation of “science” in science is the result of the generalization of the concept of “science” in the field of education. It has shaken the authoritarian rule of the Qing government in both academic and political terms.