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核能以环保、节能、高效等优势被多个国家采用。全球人口膨胀、城市化效应和经济快速发展对电能的需求越来越大,特别是经济增长迅速的亚洲地区,核能被广泛地应用于核电站以提供电力。但目前全球的核反应堆仍没有完全安全的设计方案[1]。日本地震、海啸引发的福岛核电站事故引起了人们对核能安全使用的担忧[2]。现将核能应用、核辐射与核安全的现状综述如下。1核材料(医用放射性核素)应用1.1核材料核材料是指核工业及核科学研究中所专用的材料。包括核燃料及核工程材料(即非核燃料材料)。核燃料是指能产生裂变或聚变核反应并释放出巨大核能的物质。核燃
Nuclear energy has been adopted by many countries for its advantages of environmental protection, energy saving and high efficiency. Global population expansion, urbanization and rapid economic development demand for electricity is growing, especially in Asia, where economic growth is fast, nuclear energy is widely used in nuclear power plants to provide electricity. However, there are still no completely safe design solutions for nuclear reactors around the world [1]. The earthquake in Japan, the tsunami caused by the Fukushima nuclear accident caused people to use nuclear safety concerns [2]. The current status of nuclear energy applications, nuclear radiation and nuclear safety is summarized as follows. 1 Nuclear Materials (Medical Radionuclides) Applications 1.1 Nuclear Materials Nuclear materials are materials that are specific to nuclear industry and nuclear science research. Including nuclear fuel and nuclear engineering materials (ie non-nuclear fuel materials). Nuclear fuel refers to substances that produce fission or fusion reactions that release large quantities of nuclear energy. Nuclear fuel