近代中国被动追求现代化的曲折历史自鸦片战争开始的中国现代化历程充满曲折和艰难。长期闭关锁国的清朝政府在与西方列强的一系列对峙中失败,无论从政治、经济、军事还是文化上,传统的王朝都难以应对新型国家的各种挑战。传统的中国社会在各种因素的影响下,发生了“三千年未有之大变局”。 The Tortuous History of the Passive Pursuit of Modernization in Modern China Since the beginning of the Opium War, the course of China’s modernization has been full of twists and turns. The Qing government, which had long been shut out of its own country, failed in a series of confrontations with the Western powers. Both the political, economic, military and cultural traditions made it difficult for the traditional dynasties to meet the challenges of the new nation. Under the influence of various factors, the traditional Chinese society took place “a great change that has not taken place in three thousand years.”