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一种文学样式的兴起往往是一个时代的产物,它不仅源于文学内部各种因素,更源于宗教、政治和科学文化等外部因素的合力。以十四行诗为例,伊丽莎白女王的奖掖拔擢,与怀亚特、锡德尼、斯宾塞等人在诗体格律方面的探索发明,同样阙功甚伟,至莎士比亚则可谓臻于完备。本文由破格这一独特的诗歌语言现象入手,考察英国十四行诗的流变,揭示莎士比亚十四行诗的艺术创新。作为诗人的特权,诗之破格一方面是诗人不肯落入俗套的主观努力,另一方面也是人为法则与思想自由表达之间矛盾冲突的表现。随着17世纪科学革命兴起,散文逐渐取代诗歌成为主流,正是这一矛盾运动的必然结果。
The rise of a literary style is often a product of an era, not only from a variety of factors within the literature, but also from the combined forces of external factors such as religion, politics and science and culture. In the case of Sonnet, the Queen Elizabeth’s award-winning ideas and discoveries with Wyatt, Sidney, Spencer, and others in the style of poetic prosecution have the same lack of power to Shakespeare’s accomplishment . This article starts from the unique linguistic phenomenon of the poem and examines the changes of the English sonnets and reveals the artistic innovations of Shakespeare’s sonnets. As a poet’s privilege, the poetic breakthrough is a subjective effort of the poet not to fall into the stereotype. On the other hand, it is a manifestation of the contradiction between the freedom of thought and man-made law. With the rise of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, the gradual replacement of poetry by prose has become the inevitable result of this contradictory movement.