The Yangshao culture is one of the most influential Neolithic cul-tures in East Asia.The populations associated with the Yangshao culture were widely distributed along the Yellow River basin and were suggested to play a profound role in the present-day East Asians.To date,the population of the Yangshao culture is largely investigated through archaeological studies.Archaeological evi-dence,especially the characteristic buildings and potteries,suggests the population of the Yangshao culture had wide connections with surrounding areas,including the Majiayao culture in the Ganqing re-gion,the Laohushan culture in the Hetao Plain region,and the Dawenkou culture in the Shandong region(Liu and Chen,2012).Both archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies suggest that during the Miaodigou Phase Ⅰ(～6000 to 5500 years before present[BP])of the Yangshao culture,the Yangshao culture spread to present-day eastern Henan Province,Ganqing region,the Hetao Plain,and Huaihe-Hanshui River basin(Liu and Chen,2012;Hou et al.,2019).However,despite the great efforts put into the recovery of genetic records of ancient East Asians of different cultures(Ning etal.,2020;Yang et al.,2020),the population of the Yangshao culture has yet been thoroughly characterized regarding their maternal ge-netic structure so far.Consequently,the genetic connections be-tween the population of the Yangshao culture and other East Asian populations remain to be further investigated.