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名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这四类从句的有连词（that，if，whether），连接代词（who，what，which，whatever，whoever，whichever）和连接副词（when，where，how，why）等。多年来，名词性从句是各省、区、市高考命题的重点和热点，也是考生解题的难点和弱点。
解析2017年高考真题
1.【2017年北京卷第23题】Every year，____________makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【解析】答案为B，考查主语从句。句意为“每年做出最漂亮风筝的人将会赢得风筝节的奖”。主语从句中缺主语，又根据句意可知主语应为“人”，故选whoever。Whatever， whichever指物，而whomever在从句中应作宾语，因此均不符合要求。
2.【2017年北京卷第26题】Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street， not knowing____________she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
【解析】答案为B，考查宾语从句。句意为“Jane沿着林荫大道漫无目的地走，不知道要去何方”。非谓语动词knowing缺少宾语，从句中heading为不及物动词，故从句不缺主干成分。
3.【2017年江苏卷第26题】We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of____________ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【解析】答案为C，考查同位语和宾语从句。句意为“我们选择这家酒店，因为每晚的价格已经降到20美元，是它以前收费的一半”。“half of it used to charge” 是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20。of后是介词的宾语从句，宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。此题易错选B，用which引导定语从句时，先行词为$20，则语意变成“这家酒店之前的收费只是20美元的一半”，显然不合题意。
4.【2017年天津卷第4题】She asked me__________________I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【解析】答案為C，考查宾语从句。句意为“他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认还没有”。根据句意可知，whether引导宾语从句，作ask的宾语。
辨析名词性从句的用法
一、that与what的误用
【易混误用】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is what one can be entirely free from dust.
【指正】将what改为that。
【点拨】要正确填入引导词，关键在于分析句子结构，判断引导词在从句中所充当的成分。表语从句中不缺少成分，因而用that。引导从句时，that不作任何句子的成分，只起连接作用；what不仅起引导作用，而且在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，既充当从句的一个成分，又引导一个从句，意为“什么”“…… 的人”“……的地方”“……的样子”。
【典例】I truly believe that beauty comes from within. 我深信一个人的美丽来自内在。
二、whether与if的误用
【易混误用】It remains to be seen if the newly formed com-mittee’s policy can be put into practice.
【指正】将if改为whether。
【点拨】whether和if在引导动词的宾语从句时可通用。此句中，it是形式主语，用whether引导真正的主语。在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：引导表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句时；引导介词的宾语从句时；后面紧跟着or not时；在不定式之前时。
【典例】The question whether he’ll come is unknown.他是否来这个问题还不知道。
三、what，which，who与whatever，whichever，whoever的误用
【易混误用】Who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
【指正】将who改为whoever。
【点拨】whoever引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，who带有疑问的含义，与题意不符。Whatever，whichever，whoever引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义，相当于名词后加一个定语从句，而what，which，who引导的名词性从句都含有疑问意义。Whatever，whichever，whoever在名词性从句中分别相当于anything that，nothing which，anyone who，在让步状语从句中分别相当于no matter what，no matter which，no matter who。 【典例】Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在这种大雨中行走都会患感冒。
四、wh-ever与no matter wh- 的误用
【易混误用】Sarah hopes to become a friend of no matter who shares her interests.
【指正】将no matter who改为whoever。
【点拨】no matter wh- 只能引导状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，而此处的关联词在引导的从句中作主语，所以用whoever。wh-ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh- 只能引导让步状语从句。
【典例】Whatever you say， I won’t believe you. 无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。
五、that与when，where，how，why的误用
【易混误用】You have to know that you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
【指正】将that改为where。
【点拨】及物动词know的后面是一个宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是不及物动词go，所以不需要宾语。因为与后面的getting there对应，所以用作状语的连接副词where引导宾语从句。that引导宾语从句时，that没有任何意义。
【典例】Can you tell me where you found it？ 你能告诉我你是在哪儿找到它的吗？
六、because与why的误用
【易混误用】From space， the earth looks blue. This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
【指正】将why改为because。
【点拨】用连接副词because引导表语从句表示原因，而why引导的表语从句表示结果。about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water表示原因，所以用because。
【典例】He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨晚他没有去看电影，因为他得帮他的妹妹做作业。
七、that与because的误用
【易混误用】The reason why he was late was because he missed the train by one minute this morning.
【指正】将because改为that。
【点拨】reason后的表语从句要用that引导，可以构成The reason why ... is that…结构。
【典例】The reason is that I had to take my daughter to the doctor.原因是我得送我女儿去看医生。
八、it 与as的误用
【易混误用】It is known to all， the earth is round.
【指正】將逗号去掉，再加上that。
【点拨】此句中it作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。如若在As is known to all， the earth is round一句中，as引导非限制性定语从句，指代the earth is round。
【典例】It is known to all that the 2008 Olympic Games was a great success. 众所周知，2008年奥运会取得巨大的成功。
九、this与it的误用
【易混误用】How would you like this if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone shut it off？
【指正】将this改为it。
【点拨】在appreciate，like，hate，dislike，love，enjoy，prefer等动词带宾语从句时，动词后要用it作形式宾语，it后接由if或when引导的从句为真正的宾语，it没有任何意义，但不能省略。
【典例】I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。
十、定语从句与同位语从句的误用
【易混误用】The manager put forward a suggestion which we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
【指正】将which改为that。
【点拨】因为此句we should have an assistant成分完整，所以用that引导同位语从句，that引导同位语从句时不作任何成分。如果用which引导定语从句，which要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 【典例】The news that he told me is that Tom would go abro-ad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。
十一、宾语从句与同位语从句的误用
【易混误用】—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday？
—Yeah， but I have no idea that he did it；that’s one of his favorite universities.
【指正】将idea后面的第一个that改为why。
【点拨】句意为“我不知道他为什么会拒绝耶鲁大学的录取”。用why引导同位语从句，表示idea的具体内容，转换为宾语从句就是I don’t know why he did it。在不同的语境中，have no idea还可以用where，when，how，that，what，which，who，whom，whose等引导同位语从句。
【典例】I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回家。
十二、连词与连接副词的误用
【易混误用】My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【指正】将that改为where。
【点拨】引导词在宾语从句中充当地点状语，所以将that改为where。若從句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则考虑使用连接代词；若从句缺少时间、地点、原因、方式等状语成分，则考虑使用连接副词；若从句不缺少成分，则考虑使用连词。
【典例】She called me over to where she was sitting.她叫我到她坐的那个地方去。
十三、连接副词之间的误用
【易混误用】—I wonder why Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out everyday.
【指正】将why改为how。
【点拨】通过By working out everyday可知，此句是用方式状语回答的，所以用how引导宾语从句。有些考生会根据句意用why引导宾语从句，但是其答语会和how引导宾语从句的答语不一致，要根据从句与主句的逻辑关联来确定从句所需要的连接副词。
【典例】How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.我们理解事物的方式与我们的感觉有很大的关系。
十四、陈述句与疑问句语序的误用
【易混误用】Can you tell me how many students are there in your school？
【指正】将are there改为there are。
【点拨】名词性从句用陈述语序，尤其是直接引语改为间接引语时。直接引语是疑问句时，改为间接引语实际上就是宾语从句，要用陈述语序，而不能用疑问句的语序。
【典例】She told me in detail how they overcame all the diffi-culties.她详细地告诉我他们是怎样克服困难的。
十五、名词性从句中主句与从句时态的误用
【易混误用】The teacher told us that Tom leaves us for Ame-rica.
【指正】将leaves改为had left。
【点拨】当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等；当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象，从句仍用现在时态。
【典例】The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. 老师告诉我们光以非常快的速度传播。
十六、谓语动词单复数的误用
【易混误用】When they will start and where they go has not been decided yet.
【指正】将has改为have。
【点拨】当由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语表示两件事情时，谓语动词用复数，所以要将has改为have。主语从句作主语时相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
【典例】When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.在何时何地开会还没有定下来。
十七、省略that的误用
【易混误用】The reason lies in she works harder than the others do.
【指正】在in后加上that。
【点拨】连词that引导从句时在以下几种情况不能省略：当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句，that引导第二个或后面几个宾语从句时；当that引导宾语从句作介词的宾语时；当that引导同位语从句、表语从句时；当that引导的主语从句放在句首时。
【典例】Everyone knew what happened and that she was wo- rried.每个人都知道发生了什么，也都知道她很担心。
解析2017年高考真题
1.【2017年北京卷第23题】Every year，____________makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【解析】答案为B，考查主语从句。句意为“每年做出最漂亮风筝的人将会赢得风筝节的奖”。主语从句中缺主语，又根据句意可知主语应为“人”，故选whoever。Whatever， whichever指物，而whomever在从句中应作宾语，因此均不符合要求。
2.【2017年北京卷第26题】Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street， not knowing____________she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
【解析】答案为B，考查宾语从句。句意为“Jane沿着林荫大道漫无目的地走，不知道要去何方”。非谓语动词knowing缺少宾语，从句中heading为不及物动词，故从句不缺主干成分。
3.【2017年江苏卷第26题】We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of____________ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【解析】答案为C，考查同位语和宾语从句。句意为“我们选择这家酒店，因为每晚的价格已经降到20美元，是它以前收费的一半”。“half of it used to charge” 是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20。of后是介词的宾语从句，宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。此题易错选B，用which引导定语从句时，先行词为$20，则语意变成“这家酒店之前的收费只是20美元的一半”，显然不合题意。
4.【2017年天津卷第4题】She asked me__________________I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【解析】答案為C，考查宾语从句。句意为“他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认还没有”。根据句意可知，whether引导宾语从句，作ask的宾语。
辨析名词性从句的用法
一、that与what的误用
【易混误用】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is what one can be entirely free from dust.
【指正】将what改为that。
【点拨】要正确填入引导词，关键在于分析句子结构，判断引导词在从句中所充当的成分。表语从句中不缺少成分，因而用that。引导从句时，that不作任何句子的成分，只起连接作用；what不仅起引导作用，而且在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，既充当从句的一个成分，又引导一个从句，意为“什么”“…… 的人”“……的地方”“……的样子”。
【典例】I truly believe that beauty comes from within. 我深信一个人的美丽来自内在。
二、whether与if的误用
【易混误用】It remains to be seen if the newly formed com-mittee’s policy can be put into practice.
【指正】将if改为whether。
【点拨】whether和if在引导动词的宾语从句时可通用。此句中，it是形式主语，用whether引导真正的主语。在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：引导表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句时；引导介词的宾语从句时；后面紧跟着or not时；在不定式之前时。
【典例】The question whether he’ll come is unknown.他是否来这个问题还不知道。
三、what，which，who与whatever，whichever，whoever的误用
【易混误用】Who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
【指正】将who改为whoever。
【点拨】whoever引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，who带有疑问的含义，与题意不符。Whatever，whichever，whoever引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义，相当于名词后加一个定语从句，而what，which，who引导的名词性从句都含有疑问意义。Whatever，whichever，whoever在名词性从句中分别相当于anything that，nothing which，anyone who，在让步状语从句中分别相当于no matter what，no matter which，no matter who。 【典例】Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在这种大雨中行走都会患感冒。
四、wh-ever与no matter wh- 的误用
【易混误用】Sarah hopes to become a friend of no matter who shares her interests.
【指正】将no matter who改为whoever。
【点拨】no matter wh- 只能引导状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，而此处的关联词在引导的从句中作主语，所以用whoever。wh-ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh- 只能引导让步状语从句。
【典例】Whatever you say， I won’t believe you. 无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。
五、that与when，where，how，why的误用
【易混误用】You have to know that you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
【指正】将that改为where。
【点拨】及物动词know的后面是一个宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是不及物动词go，所以不需要宾语。因为与后面的getting there对应，所以用作状语的连接副词where引导宾语从句。that引导宾语从句时，that没有任何意义。
【典例】Can you tell me where you found it？ 你能告诉我你是在哪儿找到它的吗？
六、because与why的误用
【易混误用】From space， the earth looks blue. This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
【指正】将why改为because。
【点拨】用连接副词because引导表语从句表示原因，而why引导的表语从句表示结果。about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water表示原因，所以用because。
【典例】He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨晚他没有去看电影，因为他得帮他的妹妹做作业。
七、that与because的误用
【易混误用】The reason why he was late was because he missed the train by one minute this morning.
【指正】将because改为that。
【点拨】reason后的表语从句要用that引导，可以构成The reason why ... is that…结构。
【典例】The reason is that I had to take my daughter to the doctor.原因是我得送我女儿去看医生。
八、it 与as的误用
【易混误用】It is known to all， the earth is round.
【指正】將逗号去掉，再加上that。
【点拨】此句中it作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。如若在As is known to all， the earth is round一句中，as引导非限制性定语从句，指代the earth is round。
【典例】It is known to all that the 2008 Olympic Games was a great success. 众所周知，2008年奥运会取得巨大的成功。
九、this与it的误用
【易混误用】How would you like this if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone shut it off？
【指正】将this改为it。
【点拨】在appreciate，like，hate，dislike，love，enjoy，prefer等动词带宾语从句时，动词后要用it作形式宾语，it后接由if或when引导的从句为真正的宾语，it没有任何意义，但不能省略。
【典例】I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。
十、定语从句与同位语从句的误用
【易混误用】The manager put forward a suggestion which we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
【指正】将which改为that。
【点拨】因为此句we should have an assistant成分完整，所以用that引导同位语从句，that引导同位语从句时不作任何成分。如果用which引导定语从句，which要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 【典例】The news that he told me is that Tom would go abro-ad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。
十一、宾语从句与同位语从句的误用
【易混误用】—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday？
—Yeah， but I have no idea that he did it；that’s one of his favorite universities.
【指正】将idea后面的第一个that改为why。
【点拨】句意为“我不知道他为什么会拒绝耶鲁大学的录取”。用why引导同位语从句，表示idea的具体内容，转换为宾语从句就是I don’t know why he did it。在不同的语境中，have no idea还可以用where，when，how，that，what，which，who，whom，whose等引导同位语从句。
【典例】I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回家。
十二、连词与连接副词的误用
【易混误用】My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【指正】将that改为where。
【点拨】引导词在宾语从句中充当地点状语，所以将that改为where。若從句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则考虑使用连接代词；若从句缺少时间、地点、原因、方式等状语成分，则考虑使用连接副词；若从句不缺少成分，则考虑使用连词。
【典例】She called me over to where she was sitting.她叫我到她坐的那个地方去。
十三、连接副词之间的误用
【易混误用】—I wonder why Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out everyday.
【指正】将why改为how。
【点拨】通过By working out everyday可知，此句是用方式状语回答的，所以用how引导宾语从句。有些考生会根据句意用why引导宾语从句，但是其答语会和how引导宾语从句的答语不一致，要根据从句与主句的逻辑关联来确定从句所需要的连接副词。
【典例】How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.我们理解事物的方式与我们的感觉有很大的关系。
十四、陈述句与疑问句语序的误用
【易混误用】Can you tell me how many students are there in your school？
【指正】将are there改为there are。
【点拨】名词性从句用陈述语序，尤其是直接引语改为间接引语时。直接引语是疑问句时，改为间接引语实际上就是宾语从句，要用陈述语序，而不能用疑问句的语序。
【典例】She told me in detail how they overcame all the diffi-culties.她详细地告诉我他们是怎样克服困难的。
十五、名词性从句中主句与从句时态的误用
【易混误用】The teacher told us that Tom leaves us for Ame-rica.
【指正】将leaves改为had left。
【点拨】当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等；当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象，从句仍用现在时态。
【典例】The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. 老师告诉我们光以非常快的速度传播。
十六、谓语动词单复数的误用
【易混误用】When they will start and where they go has not been decided yet.
【指正】将has改为have。
【点拨】当由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语表示两件事情时，谓语动词用复数，所以要将has改为have。主语从句作主语时相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
【典例】When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.在何时何地开会还没有定下来。
十七、省略that的误用
【易混误用】The reason lies in she works harder than the others do.
【指正】在in后加上that。
【点拨】连词that引导从句时在以下几种情况不能省略：当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句，that引导第二个或后面几个宾语从句时；当that引导宾语从句作介词的宾语时；当that引导同位语从句、表语从句时；当that引导的主语从句放在句首时。
【典例】Everyone knew what happened and that she was wo- rried.每个人都知道发生了什么，也都知道她很担心。