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纵观历年全国各省市的中考英语试题,笔者发现中考英语对动词时态的考查占有一定的比例｡本文拟结合2006年全国部分省市的中考英语试题,对经常考查的各种动词时态加以归纳和分析,供同学们复习备考时参考｡
一､ 考查一般现在时的用法
考点说明:一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态,常以 now, at present 以及 often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, every day 等表示频度的副词或副词性短语为时态标志;一般现在时也可以表示不受任何时间制约的客观事实或普遍真理｡
典型考例:
1. —Is your father a doctor?
—Yes, he is. He_______ in Town Hospital.
A. has worked B. had worked
C. works D. worked(武汉市)
答案与简析:题干问句中的 Is 和答句中的 is 均暗示该空中的谓语动词应用一般现在时,又因主语为第三人称单数形式,空白处应填 works,故答案为C｡
2. Every year many foreigners_______ to China to learn Chinese.
A. have come B. comes C. came D. come(陕西省)
答案与简析:题干中的时间状语 Every year 暗示该空的谓语动词应用一般现在时,表示经常性､习惯性的动作,又因主语为可数名词复数,谓语动词应用复数形式与之呼应,故答案为D｡
二､ 考查一般过去时的用法
考点说明:一般过去时可以表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,多以 last week, an hour ago, just now, in 1995 等单纯表示过去时间的状语为时态标志;一般过去时也可以表示过去经常性､习惯性的动作或存在的状态,此时句中除了有表示过去时间的状语外,还常有 always, usually, often, seldom, sometimes, never, every day 等表示频度的副词或短语为时态标志｡
典型考例:
1. —Have you mended your shoes, Bob?
—Yes, I_______ them twenty minutes ago.
A. have mended B. mend
C. had mended D. mended(天津市)
答案与简析:题干应答语中的 twenty minutes ago 为纯粹的过去时间作状语,暗示该空应填谓语动词 mend 的过去式 mended,故答案为D｡
2. —The office was broken into last night. Someone thinks you did it.
—But I_______ the whole night with my best friend, John.
A. spend B. am spending
C. spent D. had spent(威海市)
答案与简析:题干第一句中的 last night 表示纯粹的过去时间,暗示应答句中的谓语动词应为一般过去时,空白处应填 spent,故答案为C｡
3. —Where’s the cake I made this morning?
—We_______ it, Mom. Can you make another one for us?
A. ate B. eat
C. will eat D. were eating(江西省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,蛋糕没有了,而“吃蛋糕”这一动作发生在过去,因此该空应填谓语动词 eat 的过去式 ate,故答案为A｡
4. —Look! The girl is swimming so fast.
—I_______ she_______ swim.
A. know; can’t B. knew; can’t
C. don’t know; can D. didn’t know; could(无锡市)
答案与简析:题干第二句的意思应为“我不知道她会游泳”,但说这话的时候“我”(刚刚)才知道了这一点,因此主从句的谓语动词均应用一般过去时,故答案为D｡
三､ 考查现在进行时的用法
考点说明:现在进行时可以表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作,常以 now 为时态标志｡现在进行时还可以与 always 等副词连用,表示反复性､一贯性的动作,含有赞扬或批评的感情色彩｡
典型考例:
1. —What’s your brother doing in his room now?
—He_______ a kite.
A. makes B. made C. is making D. will make(北京市)
答案与简析:问句中的时间状语 now 暗示应答句中谓语动词表示的动作“正在进行”,因此空白处应填 is making,故答案为C｡
2. —Are you a baby-sister here?
—No. I_______ after the baby instead of Ms Green. She is away for shopping.
A. look B. am looking
C. have looked D. looked(威海市 )
答案与简析:分析语境可知,因为看见对方此刻正在照看婴儿,问话人才会询问对方是不是保姆,因此,答句的谓语动词应为现在进行时,该空应填 am looking,故答案为B｡
四､ 考查过去进行时的用法
考点说明:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,常以 just now, then, at that time, at this time yesterday 等表示特定的过去时间点为时态标志｡
典型考例:
1. I_______ on the computer when Jim came to see me yesterday evening.
A. draw B. drew
C. was drawing D. am drawing(河北省)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为,“昨晚吉姆来看我时,我正在电脑上画画”｡ when 从句的谓语动词为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词应为过去进行时,因此该空应填 was drawing,故答案为C｡
2. I_______ my homework while my parents_______ TV last night.
A. did; have watched B. was doing; were watching
C. had done; were watching D. would do; were watching(南京市)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为“昨天晚上当父母正在看电视时,我正在做家庭作业”｡ while 引导时间状语从句时,主句和从句的谓语动词均应为过去进行时形式,因此两空应分别填 was doing 和 were watching,故答案为B｡
3. —I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
—Oh， I’m sorry. I_______ dinner at my friend’s home.
A. had B. was having C. have had(青海省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,题干第二句的意思应为“昨天晚上你给我打电话时,我正在朋友家吃饭”,因此空白处应填谓语动词的过去进行时形式 was having,故答案为B｡
4. What_______ when your mother called you up?
A. are you doing B. did you do
C. you were doing D. were you doing(呼和浩特市)
答案与简析:题干的句意为“当你妈妈给你打电话时,你正在做什么”｡“打电话”这一动作发生在过去,主句的谓语动词应用过去进行时,因此该空应填 were you doing,故答案为D｡
5. My sister_______ her book in the classroom when her teacher came in.
A. read B. reads
C. was reading D. is reading(长春市)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为“当老师进来时我姐姐正在教室里看书”, when 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词应为 was reading,表示过去正在进行的动作,故答案为C｡
五､ 考查一般将来时的用法
考点说明:一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及按计划或安排将要进行的动作,一般将来时有 be going to do， will/shall do， be about to do 等多种表达形式｡在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中,若主句谓语动词用一般将来时,从句谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间｡ come， go， leave， arrive 等表示位置移动的动词可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作｡
典型考例:
1. —You’ve left with the light on.
—Oh, sorry._______ and turn it off.
A. I’ve gone B. I’ll go C. I went D. I’m going(河南省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,答句的意思是“我将要去把灯关掉”,因此空白处应填 I’ll go,表示将要发生的动作｡故答案为B｡
2. Don’t worry. I_______ you as soon as I finish my work.
A. help B. will help C. helped D. was helping(锦州市)
答案与简析:由 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时可以推知,主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填 will help,故答案为B｡
3. He doesn’t tell me when he_______. I’ll call you up as soon as he_______.
A. will come, arrives B. comes, arrives
C. will come, will arrive(厦门市)
答案与简析:题干第一句的意思是“他没有告诉我他什么时候会来”, when 引导宾语从句,因此第一空应填 will come,表示他“将要来”｡第二句的意思是“他一到,我将给你打电话”｡主句谓语动词用了一般将来时, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,故答案为A｡
4. If it_______ tomorrow, we_______ travel outside.
A. will rain; will B. rains; won’t
C. will rain; won’t(常德市)
答案与简析:题干的意思应为“如果明天下雨,我们将不外出旅游”｡ If 引导条件状语从句,谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,因此该空应填 rains;主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填否定式 won’t｡故答案为B｡
5. —Jim, can you help me to wash the dishes?
—Sorry, Dad. I_______ to the shop.
A. go B. went C. am going D. have been(江西省)
答案与简析:答句的意思应为“我将要去商店”,可用 go 的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作,故答案为C｡
六､ 考查现在完成时的用法
考点说明:现在完成时可以表示发生在过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,它常与 already, just， yet， before， ever， never， before 等词连用;现在完成时也可以表示发生在过去的某一动作一直延续到现在, 并且有可能继续延续下去,此时常与“for + 一段时间 ”或“since + 过去时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的从句”连用｡但在肯定句中谓语动词须用持续性动词｡现在完成时还可以用在“It is the + 序数词 + time + that...”句式中的 that 从句中,表示到现在为止动作已经发生的次数｡
典型考例:
1. —They say there’s a new restaurant nearby.
—Yes, and it_______ for no more than a week.
A. has been open B. opens
C. is opening D. is opened(河南省)
答案与简析:题干第一句的意思应为“他们说附近有一家新饭店”｡第二句的意思应为“饭店开业才仅仅一个星期”,根据 for no more than a week 这一时间状语可以确定谓语动词应为现在完成时,因此空白处应填 has been open， 故答案为A｡
2. —Kitty, will you go to see the film Cold Mountain this evening?
—No, I won’t. I_______ it already.
A. saw B. have seen
C. see D. will see(南京市)
答案与简析:由应答语的否定回答和第二句中的副词 already 可知,“我已经看过这部电影了”,因此谓语动词应为现在完成时,空白处应填 have seen,故答案为B｡
3. —How long_______ the film King Kong_______?
—For just several minutes.
A. did, begin B. has, begun C. has, been on(哈尔滨市)
答案与简析:由题干答句可以推知问句的意思应为“《金刚》这部电影开演多长时间了”｡用 How long 提问,谓语动词一般为延续性动词,begin 不是延续性动词,可排除A､B两项｡因此第一空应填 has,第二空应填 been on,故答案为C｡
七､ 考查过去完成时的用法
考点说明:过去完成时表示到过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即指“过去的过去”｡此时常与 by， when 等引导的时间状语连用｡过去完成时也可以表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,此时常与 for 或 since 引起的时间状语连用｡
典型考例:
When I arrived at the office, the meeting_______ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. had been on C. began(贵阳市)
答案与简析: when 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时,主句谓语动词应用过去完成时, begin 为短暂性动词,不能和 for ten minutes 连用,因此空白处应填 had been on,故答案为B｡
一､ 考查一般现在时的用法
考点说明:一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态,常以 now, at present 以及 often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, every day 等表示频度的副词或副词性短语为时态标志;一般现在时也可以表示不受任何时间制约的客观事实或普遍真理｡
典型考例:
1. —Is your father a doctor?
—Yes, he is. He_______ in Town Hospital.
A. has worked B. had worked
C. works D. worked(武汉市)
答案与简析:题干问句中的 Is 和答句中的 is 均暗示该空中的谓语动词应用一般现在时,又因主语为第三人称单数形式,空白处应填 works,故答案为C｡
2. Every year many foreigners_______ to China to learn Chinese.
A. have come B. comes C. came D. come(陕西省)
答案与简析:题干中的时间状语 Every year 暗示该空的谓语动词应用一般现在时,表示经常性､习惯性的动作,又因主语为可数名词复数,谓语动词应用复数形式与之呼应,故答案为D｡
二､ 考查一般过去时的用法
考点说明:一般过去时可以表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,多以 last week, an hour ago, just now, in 1995 等单纯表示过去时间的状语为时态标志;一般过去时也可以表示过去经常性､习惯性的动作或存在的状态,此时句中除了有表示过去时间的状语外,还常有 always, usually, often, seldom, sometimes, never, every day 等表示频度的副词或短语为时态标志｡
典型考例:
1. —Have you mended your shoes, Bob?
—Yes, I_______ them twenty minutes ago.
A. have mended B. mend
C. had mended D. mended(天津市)
答案与简析:题干应答语中的 twenty minutes ago 为纯粹的过去时间作状语,暗示该空应填谓语动词 mend 的过去式 mended,故答案为D｡
2. —The office was broken into last night. Someone thinks you did it.
—But I_______ the whole night with my best friend, John.
A. spend B. am spending
C. spent D. had spent(威海市)
答案与简析:题干第一句中的 last night 表示纯粹的过去时间,暗示应答句中的谓语动词应为一般过去时,空白处应填 spent,故答案为C｡
3. —Where’s the cake I made this morning?
—We_______ it, Mom. Can you make another one for us?
A. ate B. eat
C. will eat D. were eating(江西省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,蛋糕没有了,而“吃蛋糕”这一动作发生在过去,因此该空应填谓语动词 eat 的过去式 ate,故答案为A｡
4. —Look! The girl is swimming so fast.
—I_______ she_______ swim.
A. know; can’t B. knew; can’t
C. don’t know; can D. didn’t know; could(无锡市)
答案与简析:题干第二句的意思应为“我不知道她会游泳”,但说这话的时候“我”(刚刚)才知道了这一点,因此主从句的谓语动词均应用一般过去时,故答案为D｡
三､ 考查现在进行时的用法
考点说明:现在进行时可以表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作,常以 now 为时态标志｡现在进行时还可以与 always 等副词连用,表示反复性､一贯性的动作,含有赞扬或批评的感情色彩｡
典型考例:
1. —What’s your brother doing in his room now?
—He_______ a kite.
A. makes B. made C. is making D. will make(北京市)
答案与简析:问句中的时间状语 now 暗示应答句中谓语动词表示的动作“正在进行”,因此空白处应填 is making,故答案为C｡
2. —Are you a baby-sister here?
—No. I_______ after the baby instead of Ms Green. She is away for shopping.
A. look B. am looking
C. have looked D. looked(威海市 )
答案与简析:分析语境可知,因为看见对方此刻正在照看婴儿,问话人才会询问对方是不是保姆,因此,答句的谓语动词应为现在进行时,该空应填 am looking,故答案为B｡
四､ 考查过去进行时的用法
考点说明:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,常以 just now, then, at that time, at this time yesterday 等表示特定的过去时间点为时态标志｡
典型考例:
1. I_______ on the computer when Jim came to see me yesterday evening.
A. draw B. drew
C. was drawing D. am drawing(河北省)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为,“昨晚吉姆来看我时,我正在电脑上画画”｡ when 从句的谓语动词为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词应为过去进行时,因此该空应填 was drawing,故答案为C｡
2. I_______ my homework while my parents_______ TV last night.
A. did; have watched B. was doing; were watching
C. had done; were watching D. would do; were watching(南京市)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为“昨天晚上当父母正在看电视时,我正在做家庭作业”｡ while 引导时间状语从句时,主句和从句的谓语动词均应为过去进行时形式,因此两空应分别填 was doing 和 were watching,故答案为B｡
3. —I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
—Oh， I’m sorry. I_______ dinner at my friend’s home.
A. had B. was having C. have had(青海省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,题干第二句的意思应为“昨天晚上你给我打电话时,我正在朋友家吃饭”,因此空白处应填谓语动词的过去进行时形式 was having,故答案为B｡
4. What_______ when your mother called you up?
A. are you doing B. did you do
C. you were doing D. were you doing(呼和浩特市)
答案与简析:题干的句意为“当你妈妈给你打电话时,你正在做什么”｡“打电话”这一动作发生在过去,主句的谓语动词应用过去进行时,因此该空应填 were you doing,故答案为D｡
5. My sister_______ her book in the classroom when her teacher came in.
A. read B. reads
C. was reading D. is reading(长春市)
答案与简析:题干的句意应为“当老师进来时我姐姐正在教室里看书”, when 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词应为 was reading,表示过去正在进行的动作,故答案为C｡
五､ 考查一般将来时的用法
考点说明:一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及按计划或安排将要进行的动作,一般将来时有 be going to do， will/shall do， be about to do 等多种表达形式｡在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中,若主句谓语动词用一般将来时,从句谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间｡ come， go， leave， arrive 等表示位置移动的动词可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作｡
典型考例:
1. —You’ve left with the light on.
—Oh, sorry._______ and turn it off.
A. I’ve gone B. I’ll go C. I went D. I’m going(河南省)
答案与简析:分析语境可知,答句的意思是“我将要去把灯关掉”,因此空白处应填 I’ll go,表示将要发生的动作｡故答案为B｡
2. Don’t worry. I_______ you as soon as I finish my work.
A. help B. will help C. helped D. was helping(锦州市)
答案与简析:由 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时可以推知,主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填 will help,故答案为B｡
3. He doesn’t tell me when he_______. I’ll call you up as soon as he_______.
A. will come, arrives B. comes, arrives
C. will come, will arrive(厦门市)
答案与简析:题干第一句的意思是“他没有告诉我他什么时候会来”, when 引导宾语从句,因此第一空应填 will come,表示他“将要来”｡第二句的意思是“他一到,我将给你打电话”｡主句谓语动词用了一般将来时, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,故答案为A｡
4. If it_______ tomorrow, we_______ travel outside.
A. will rain; will B. rains; won’t
C. will rain; won’t(常德市)
答案与简析:题干的意思应为“如果明天下雨,我们将不外出旅游”｡ If 引导条件状语从句,谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,因此该空应填 rains;主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填否定式 won’t｡故答案为B｡
5. —Jim, can you help me to wash the dishes?
—Sorry, Dad. I_______ to the shop.
A. go B. went C. am going D. have been(江西省)
答案与简析:答句的意思应为“我将要去商店”,可用 go 的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作,故答案为C｡
六､ 考查现在完成时的用法
考点说明:现在完成时可以表示发生在过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,它常与 already, just， yet， before， ever， never， before 等词连用;现在完成时也可以表示发生在过去的某一动作一直延续到现在, 并且有可能继续延续下去,此时常与“for + 一段时间 ”或“since + 过去时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的从句”连用｡但在肯定句中谓语动词须用持续性动词｡现在完成时还可以用在“It is the + 序数词 + time + that...”句式中的 that 从句中,表示到现在为止动作已经发生的次数｡
典型考例:
1. —They say there’s a new restaurant nearby.
—Yes, and it_______ for no more than a week.
A. has been open B. opens
C. is opening D. is opened(河南省)
答案与简析:题干第一句的意思应为“他们说附近有一家新饭店”｡第二句的意思应为“饭店开业才仅仅一个星期”,根据 for no more than a week 这一时间状语可以确定谓语动词应为现在完成时,因此空白处应填 has been open， 故答案为A｡
2. —Kitty, will you go to see the film Cold Mountain this evening?
—No, I won’t. I_______ it already.
A. saw B. have seen
C. see D. will see(南京市)
答案与简析:由应答语的否定回答和第二句中的副词 already 可知,“我已经看过这部电影了”,因此谓语动词应为现在完成时,空白处应填 have seen,故答案为B｡
3. —How long_______ the film King Kong_______?
—For just several minutes.
A. did, begin B. has, begun C. has, been on(哈尔滨市)
答案与简析:由题干答句可以推知问句的意思应为“《金刚》这部电影开演多长时间了”｡用 How long 提问,谓语动词一般为延续性动词,begin 不是延续性动词,可排除A､B两项｡因此第一空应填 has,第二空应填 been on,故答案为C｡
七､ 考查过去完成时的用法
考点说明:过去完成时表示到过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即指“过去的过去”｡此时常与 by， when 等引导的时间状语连用｡过去完成时也可以表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,此时常与 for 或 since 引起的时间状语连用｡
典型考例:
When I arrived at the office, the meeting_______ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. had been on C. began(贵阳市)
答案与简析: when 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时,主句谓语动词应用过去完成时, begin 为短暂性动词,不能和 for ten minutes 连用,因此空白处应填 had been on,故答案为B｡