论文部分内容阅读
《国际生态与安全》：对于近日发生于中国南方多个省份的超标镉大米事件，有言论表示，造成大米镉含量超标的原因除了铅锌矿以及有色金属冶炼等工矿企业排污外，还包括农药和化肥的过量施用。请问此番表述是否属实？
刘良琪：部分属实，镉这种重金属应该是土壤里面含有，是有色金属冶炼排污污染。农药和化肥即便是过量使用也不会含有该重金属，故有夸张。
《国际生态与安全》：农药化肥的滥用对土壤环境的影响，主要表现在哪些方面？
刘良琪：农药化肥滥用，对土壤会造成一定的不利影响。首先农药滥用，有的在土壤中残存，对土壤污染；有的通过地下水，造成水污染。化肥超量使用，会造成土壤的营养失衡、土壤次生盐渍化、土壤的物理性状变差，导致板结等。
《国际生态与安全》：据悉，中国目前是世界第一的化肥农药生产大国、进口大国和使用大国，那么化肥农药的高投入在实现农产品高产出的同时，是否也带来了严重的环境污染问题？
刘良琪：确实带来了环境污染的嫌疑，但是不是污染严重要看超量使用的多余数量及使用年限。目前来看，还不可一概而论的讲是带来了严重的环境污染问题。
《国际生态与安全》：据悉，目前中国农业中的农药利用率只有35%，其余65%或直接散落在土壤和水体中，或通过农作物落叶，降雨而进入土壤。对此应如何解决？农药减量会否对防治病虫害的效果造成影响？
刘良琪：解决农药污染的有效途径是减少农药用量；农药减量减少土壤污染，从理论上讲是可能的。但实际中也不一定，若不过量应用，适量应用也是有效的。
《国际生态与安全》：农药化肥的高投入背后，又掩藏着哪些不得不用的现实难题？
刘良琪：所谓现实问题，那就是农产品价格低，农民需要用高产来弥补收入之不足。
《国际生态与安全》：目前来看，有无有效的农药污染土壤的治理策略？
刘良琪：就目前来看，十分有效的农药污染土壤的治理策略还没有或说还不成熟。我们也在探索利用病虫天敌来控制虫害，用生物抑制生物，目前来看，有些十分有效，这是农药所不能比拟的，问题是应用面还比较窄。
Pesticide Contamination Becomes
a Conundrum for Soil Protection
– Exclusive Interview with Liu Liangqi，
China National Agricultural Research Institute
International Ecology and Safety Magazine （hereinafter referred to as IESM）： Regarding the recent cadmium rice incidents， some people believe that besides the waste emission of industrial and mining enterprises like non-ferrous metal smelting， the overuse of pesticide also contributes to the pollution. Is it true？
Liu Liangqi （hereinafter referred to as Liu）： I have to say it is partially true. The reason why cadmium exists in soil is because of the heavy mental pollution caused by metal smelting. Pesticides do not contain heavy mental. Even when they are overused， they cannot make the soil polluted by heavy mental. So the statement is a bit exaggerated.
IESM： In what ways is the overuse of pesticides influencing soil environments？
Liu： The overuse of pesticides does have some negative effects on soil. First of all， pesticide residues can exist in soil for a very long time and thusly contaminate soil. Some of them may invade in underground water and cause water pollution. Moreover， the overuse of pesticides results in soil nutrient imbalance， soil salinization， soil physical properties deteriorate， and soil hardening， etc.
IESM： It is said that China is the No.1 country of pesticide’s producing， importing， and using in the world. While pesticide has increased the agricultural productivity， has it brought serious pollution problems？ Liu： It pollutes soil probably， but whether it’s serious remains unknown. It depends on the exceeding amount and years of use. At present， we would not say arbitrarily pesticides bring serious pollution problems.
IESM： It is reported that in China， only 35% of pesticide is utilized efficiently， while the rest 65% is either spilled directly into soil and water， or brought into soil by crop defoliation and rainfall. How to solve this problem？ Does reduction of pesticide use impact the effect of pest and disease prevention？
Liu： The effective resolution of pesticide pollution is to reduce pesticide use. It is theoretically possible that reduction of pesticide use may impact the effect of prevention. However， it is not always the case in practical application. And our topic today is overuse， right？ We don’t need to overuse pesticide. The appropriate amount is enough to be effective.
IESM： What kind of practical dilemma is lying in between the high cost of pesticide and the dependency on it？
Liu： The so-called practical dilemma is that farmers need to raise production of crops to make up for low income due to low price of agricultural products.
IESM： Are there any effective strategies to treat pesticide contamination in soil now？
Liu： Currently， there is not any strategy to treat pesticide contamination in soil that is either very effective or at least mature. We are exploring a way to control pests by using the natural enemy of pests， which is to suppress activity of biont by biont itself. At present， sometimes it works well and no pesticide can compare to this way. The problem is that the application of this method is rather limited.
刘良琪：部分属实，镉这种重金属应该是土壤里面含有，是有色金属冶炼排污污染。农药和化肥即便是过量使用也不会含有该重金属，故有夸张。
《国际生态与安全》：农药化肥的滥用对土壤环境的影响，主要表现在哪些方面？
刘良琪：农药化肥滥用，对土壤会造成一定的不利影响。首先农药滥用，有的在土壤中残存，对土壤污染；有的通过地下水，造成水污染。化肥超量使用，会造成土壤的营养失衡、土壤次生盐渍化、土壤的物理性状变差，导致板结等。
《国际生态与安全》：据悉，中国目前是世界第一的化肥农药生产大国、进口大国和使用大国，那么化肥农药的高投入在实现农产品高产出的同时，是否也带来了严重的环境污染问题？
刘良琪：确实带来了环境污染的嫌疑，但是不是污染严重要看超量使用的多余数量及使用年限。目前来看，还不可一概而论的讲是带来了严重的环境污染问题。
《国际生态与安全》：据悉，目前中国农业中的农药利用率只有35%，其余65%或直接散落在土壤和水体中，或通过农作物落叶，降雨而进入土壤。对此应如何解决？农药减量会否对防治病虫害的效果造成影响？
刘良琪：解决农药污染的有效途径是减少农药用量；农药减量减少土壤污染，从理论上讲是可能的。但实际中也不一定，若不过量应用，适量应用也是有效的。
《国际生态与安全》：农药化肥的高投入背后，又掩藏着哪些不得不用的现实难题？
刘良琪：所谓现实问题，那就是农产品价格低，农民需要用高产来弥补收入之不足。
《国际生态与安全》：目前来看，有无有效的农药污染土壤的治理策略？
刘良琪：就目前来看，十分有效的农药污染土壤的治理策略还没有或说还不成熟。我们也在探索利用病虫天敌来控制虫害，用生物抑制生物，目前来看，有些十分有效，这是农药所不能比拟的，问题是应用面还比较窄。
Pesticide Contamination Becomes
a Conundrum for Soil Protection
– Exclusive Interview with Liu Liangqi，
China National Agricultural Research Institute
International Ecology and Safety Magazine （hereinafter referred to as IESM）： Regarding the recent cadmium rice incidents， some people believe that besides the waste emission of industrial and mining enterprises like non-ferrous metal smelting， the overuse of pesticide also contributes to the pollution. Is it true？
Liu Liangqi （hereinafter referred to as Liu）： I have to say it is partially true. The reason why cadmium exists in soil is because of the heavy mental pollution caused by metal smelting. Pesticides do not contain heavy mental. Even when they are overused， they cannot make the soil polluted by heavy mental. So the statement is a bit exaggerated.
IESM： In what ways is the overuse of pesticides influencing soil environments？
Liu： The overuse of pesticides does have some negative effects on soil. First of all， pesticide residues can exist in soil for a very long time and thusly contaminate soil. Some of them may invade in underground water and cause water pollution. Moreover， the overuse of pesticides results in soil nutrient imbalance， soil salinization， soil physical properties deteriorate， and soil hardening， etc.
IESM： It is said that China is the No.1 country of pesticide’s producing， importing， and using in the world. While pesticide has increased the agricultural productivity， has it brought serious pollution problems？ Liu： It pollutes soil probably， but whether it’s serious remains unknown. It depends on the exceeding amount and years of use. At present， we would not say arbitrarily pesticides bring serious pollution problems.
IESM： It is reported that in China， only 35% of pesticide is utilized efficiently， while the rest 65% is either spilled directly into soil and water， or brought into soil by crop defoliation and rainfall. How to solve this problem？ Does reduction of pesticide use impact the effect of pest and disease prevention？
Liu： The effective resolution of pesticide pollution is to reduce pesticide use. It is theoretically possible that reduction of pesticide use may impact the effect of prevention. However， it is not always the case in practical application. And our topic today is overuse， right？ We don’t need to overuse pesticide. The appropriate amount is enough to be effective.
IESM： What kind of practical dilemma is lying in between the high cost of pesticide and the dependency on it？
Liu： The so-called practical dilemma is that farmers need to raise production of crops to make up for low income due to low price of agricultural products.
IESM： Are there any effective strategies to treat pesticide contamination in soil now？
Liu： Currently， there is not any strategy to treat pesticide contamination in soil that is either very effective or at least mature. We are exploring a way to control pests by using the natural enemy of pests， which is to suppress activity of biont by biont itself. At present， sometimes it works well and no pesticide can compare to this way. The problem is that the application of this method is rather limited.