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语言学在发展到现代时期之前经历了三个阶段。20世纪由于瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔的贡献进入了现代时期,即结构语言学时期。他的主要观点为四个二元对立:语言和言语;能指和所指;共时和历时以及组合和聚合。索绪尔的结构语言学引起了法国巴黎60年代的结构主义革命以及西方整个人文科学的“语言学转向”。但结构主义最终衰落。两个主要原因是:(1)自身有缺陷并无一个完整的方法体系;(2)应用过于宏观化并陷入形而上学泥潭。
Linguistics went through three stages before it reached the modern age. In the 20th century, due to the contribution of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, he entered the modern period of structural linguistics. His main points of view are four binary oppositions: language and speech; signifier and reference; synchronicity and diachronicity; and composition and aggregation. Saussure’s structural linguistics caused the structuralist revolution in Paris in France in the 1960s and the “linguistic shift” in the entire western humanities. But structuralism eventually declined. The two main reasons are: (1) there is not a complete system of methodology for its own flaws; (2) the application is too macroscopically ambivalent and trapped in the metaphysics quagmire.