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松果体分泌的褪黑素除了其众所周知的对昼夜节律的调节作用外,还具有其他生物学功能及在不同细胞类型和周围组织明显的代谢。氧化还原敏感元件包括在褪黑素细胞信号保护和由此产生的转录反应中,涉及核因子κB。通过这些途径,褪黑素刺激抗氧化和解毒基因的表达,增强谷胱甘肽生成。在不同的模型中,褪黑素的细胞保护机制似乎取决于对损害的控制和线粒体信号转导功能,涉及减少活性氧和激活抗凋亡及氧化还原敏感元素。这个线粒体途径上游部分包括钙调蛋白通路,它在褪黑素信号转导中发挥核心作用。褪黑素也可与靶组织上的褪黑素受体特异性结合,通过信号转导系统产生生物学效应。
In addition to its well-known regulatory role in circadian rhythm, melatonin secreted by the pineal gland also has other biological functions and significant metabolism in different cell types and surrounding tissues. Redox-sensitive elements are involved in melatonin signal protection and the resulting transcriptional response involving nuclear factor kappa B. Through these pathways, melatonin stimulates the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying genes and enhances glutathione production. In different models, the mechanism of cell protection of melatonin appears to depend on the control of damage and on mitochondrial signal transduction functions, involving reduction of reactive oxygen species and activation of anti-apoptotic and redox-sensitive elements. The upstream part of this mitochondrial pathway includes the calmodulin pathway, which plays a central role in melatonin signal transduction. Melatonin also binds specifically to melatonin receptors on target tissues, producing biological effects through signal transduction systems.