论文部分内容阅读
一、清末军火商品化的历史条件在清末军火工业发展的50年间,其产品经历了一个逐步向商品形态转化的过程。究其原因,主要有三点。第一,清末军工企业开始实行成本核算,力求避免亏本经营,这是这一时期部分军品商品化的基本动因。毫无疑问,清王朝创办军火工业的直接目的是追求产品的使用价值而非价值,军工企业的创办经费和常年经费,主要来源于国家财政拨款,其原料的供给和产品的分配,也都分别由清朝中央和省两级政府控制、安排,
I. Historical Conditions of Commercialization of Arms in the Late Qing Dynasty In the 50 years since the arms industry was developed in the late Qing Dynasty, its products underwent a process of gradually transforming into a commodity form. The reason, there are three main points. First, military enterprises in the late Qing dynasty started to carry out cost accounting and sought to avoid losing money. This is the basic motivation for the commercialization of some military products during this period. There is no doubt that the direct purpose of establishing the arms industry in the Qing Dynasty was to pursue the value of use rather than value of products. The founding funds and annual funds of military enterprises mainly came from the state financial allocations. The supply of raw materials and the distribution of products were also respectively By the Qing Dynasty central and provincial governments control, arrangement,