时间透镜基于时空二元性原理,近年来得到快速发展与广泛应用。时间透镜的发展源自光电子学中工程技术需求和理论发展的双重动力。给出了时间透镜作为超快光学仪器发展历程的综述。对相位调制器、和频产生、交叉相位调制以及四波混频等当前时间透镜的主要实现方案的原理和性能进行了分析和数学描述。相应地,分析了不同实现方案的原理限制以及应用中面临的问题。接下来,将脉冲放大和时频域转换用于超快脉冲检测作为最有代表性的应用进行了说明,其中,对最重要的技术指标分辨率和记录长度进行了定量分析。最后,对一些超快非线性光学原理,如金属纳米结构中表面等离子体激元增强的二阶和三阶光学非线性、石墨烯中强三阶光学非线性导致的四波混频,作为时间透镜发展的潜在机会进行了理论和技术讨论。 Time lens based on the principle of space-time duality, in recent years has been rapid development and wide application. The development of time lenses originates from the dual dynamics of engineering needs and theoretical development in optoelectronics. A summary of the development of time lens as an ultrafast optical instrument is given. The principle and performance of the main realization scheme of phase modulator, frequency generation, cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing are analyzed and described mathematically. Accordingly, the principle limitations of different implementations and the problems in application are analyzed. Next, the use of pulse amplification and time-frequency-domain conversion for ultrafast pulse detection as the most representative application is illustrated, with quantitative analysis of the most important technical indicator resolution and record length. Finally, for some ultrafast nonlinear optics such as surface plasmon enhanced second- and third-order optical nonlinearity in nanostructures and four-wave mixing due to strong third-order optical nonlinearity in graphene, The potential opportunities for lens development were discussed theoretically and technically.