论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】 本文阐述新课程教学用书中表示"人"这一概念的词语，并在高考题中如何运用表示"人"的词语，以帮助学生正确掌握其用法。
【关键词】 "人"的一些词语 隐含意义
引言：新课程教学用书出现了许多表示"人"的词，如man，woman，person，people，human，being等，这些词在语言运用、修辞色彩和隐含意义上不尽相同，易于混淆，学习时应注意弄清他们各自的含义和用法。
一、 man指男人，woman指女人，这两个词和一般可数名词一样，有单复数形式之分。
eg：①（选修6，9页）At that moment, a man came up and stood by her friend.②（选修7，27页）As time passed, more and more colleges started cheer leading, and more women started doing it than men.③（2011全国，33）It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
Man还可指"人类"，作主语时，后面的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
eg：①（必修3，43页）Mencius believed that reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.②（选修8，3页）Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of man's efforts to work together for progress and peace.③（选修7，72页）They came from an unknown species of man and were the first evidence of primitive human life in China thousands of years ago.④（2009福建泉州质检）We all know that man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech.
二、 person表示"人"的最基本的词，泛指一切人，包括男女老幼，有时还含有轻蔑之意。
eg：①（必修2，43页）Yang is 431st person to travel in space, including astronauts from 32 countries.②（选修7，37页）Some years later, Pip learns that an unknown person intends to give him money every month.
三、 people集体名词，表示"人们"、"人类"，是相对动物而言，形式是单数，意义却是复数，故可以用two以上的数词修饰或其他的修饰语，其前不用不定冠词a/an，但可以加定冠词the people必须和复数第三人称的动词连用。
eg：①（必修2，43页）It's great work by thousands and thousands of people from China.
people强调文化和社会的统一性用于指因有共同文化，共同观念，以及共同责任和利益所产生之团结心而结合的一群人，即民族，可用复数形式。
eg：①（选修7，78页）Living human treasures are people who have the knowledge and skills required for the cultural traditions of their society.② The English-speaking peoples are greatly encouraged.
四、 human being指"人（类）"，以别于动物，鬼神。其用法与一般可数名词相同，有单数a human being和复数human beings，在将人与动物、神仙、鬼等词比较时常用human,其复数形式为humans。Being也可作"人"讲，其复数形式为beings。
eg：①（选修6，58页）Using bones from dead bodies, he creates a creature that resembles a human being and give it life.②（选修8，58页）We are just human beings who have the same feelings.③（选修8，67页）The Force is similar to Qi,a stable balance of the Yin and Yang forces to human beings and the environment.Many true Taoist masters eventually become supreme beings.④（选修6，27页）There are hobbits,who are like small humans and live in holes in hills.⑤ （江西卷）Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings.
五、 mankind不指个别"人"，而指整个"人类"，其意与表示"人类"的man相同。其前不用冠词，本身无复数形式。
eg：①（选修7，78页）Musical traditions around the world from part of the intangible heritage of mankind in the same way as monuments and natural sites.②（选修8，58页）With Armstrong's now famous words："That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind",a dream was achieved.③（湖北卷）He views mankind as a grand enterprise that, on the whole, has done little but progress for 100,000 years.
六、 creature泛指生物，用来指人时，常含有怜爱和轻蔑等感情色彩，确切的意思应视上下文和与形容词的搭配而定。
eg：①（选修6，27页）Humans are only one of the creatures who exist at this time.②（选修6，67页）In fact, only females can absorb the DNA of another creature.
七、 folk是古语，方言，可解释为"人们"。现常被people代替口语中指正派的人们，家属、亲戚。其复数有folks或folk，不论用folk还是folks都只同复数动词连用。
eg：① The folk(s) in the town are friendly.② Our socialist China's constitution rules that the younger folk(s) must take (assume) the responsibility of (for) supporting their old folk(s).③ Our folk(s),you know？I'd like to tell you：Most of my folk(s) are fine folk(s).I wish that your young folk(s)would turn to be the same.
八、 fellow表示"人，家伙"，常用于口语，专指男性，相当于美国俚语中的guy。
eg：① He always gets up late. He is a lazy fellow.
② He is a poor fellow！
fellow可以作定语，表示"同伴的，同事的"，例如：① a fellow worker（同事）② a fellow soldier（战友）③ a fellow traveler（旅伴；同路人）④ a fellow countryman（同胞）等。
九、 用作表示转意的词有：figure（伟人，人士）；body（一伙人，女性）；hand（做某种工作或有某种经验的人）；soul（人）等。
eg：① Napoleon is a wall-known figure in history.
② He is a good-natured body.
③ All hands on deck！
④ Don't tell a soul.
以上是笔者对新课程教学用书中表示"人"这一概念的词语的所作的初步探讨，以帮助学生更好地理解和运用相关的知识，选择出正确地表示"人"的词语和含义。
参考文献
［1］ 梁实秋《远东英汉大词典》
［2］ 陈琳 《普通高中课程标准实验教学用书》必修（1-5）选修（6-8）
【关键词】 "人"的一些词语 隐含意义
引言：新课程教学用书出现了许多表示"人"的词，如man，woman，person，people，human，being等，这些词在语言运用、修辞色彩和隐含意义上不尽相同，易于混淆，学习时应注意弄清他们各自的含义和用法。
一、 man指男人，woman指女人，这两个词和一般可数名词一样，有单复数形式之分。
eg：①（选修6，9页）At that moment, a man came up and stood by her friend.②（选修7，27页）As time passed, more and more colleges started cheer leading, and more women started doing it than men.③（2011全国，33）It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
Man还可指"人类"，作主语时，后面的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
eg：①（必修3，43页）Mencius believed that reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.②（选修8，3页）Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of man's efforts to work together for progress and peace.③（选修7，72页）They came from an unknown species of man and were the first evidence of primitive human life in China thousands of years ago.④（2009福建泉州质检）We all know that man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech.
二、 person表示"人"的最基本的词，泛指一切人，包括男女老幼，有时还含有轻蔑之意。
eg：①（必修2，43页）Yang is 431st person to travel in space, including astronauts from 32 countries.②（选修7，37页）Some years later, Pip learns that an unknown person intends to give him money every month.
三、 people集体名词，表示"人们"、"人类"，是相对动物而言，形式是单数，意义却是复数，故可以用two以上的数词修饰或其他的修饰语，其前不用不定冠词a/an，但可以加定冠词the people必须和复数第三人称的动词连用。
eg：①（必修2，43页）It's great work by thousands and thousands of people from China.
people强调文化和社会的统一性用于指因有共同文化，共同观念，以及共同责任和利益所产生之团结心而结合的一群人，即民族，可用复数形式。
eg：①（选修7，78页）Living human treasures are people who have the knowledge and skills required for the cultural traditions of their society.② The English-speaking peoples are greatly encouraged.
四、 human being指"人（类）"，以别于动物，鬼神。其用法与一般可数名词相同，有单数a human being和复数human beings，在将人与动物、神仙、鬼等词比较时常用human,其复数形式为humans。Being也可作"人"讲，其复数形式为beings。
eg：①（选修6，58页）Using bones from dead bodies, he creates a creature that resembles a human being and give it life.②（选修8，58页）We are just human beings who have the same feelings.③（选修8，67页）The Force is similar to Qi,a stable balance of the Yin and Yang forces to human beings and the environment.Many true Taoist masters eventually become supreme beings.④（选修6，27页）There are hobbits,who are like small humans and live in holes in hills.⑤ （江西卷）Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings.
五、 mankind不指个别"人"，而指整个"人类"，其意与表示"人类"的man相同。其前不用冠词，本身无复数形式。
eg：①（选修7，78页）Musical traditions around the world from part of the intangible heritage of mankind in the same way as monuments and natural sites.②（选修8，58页）With Armstrong's now famous words："That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind",a dream was achieved.③（湖北卷）He views mankind as a grand enterprise that, on the whole, has done little but progress for 100,000 years.
六、 creature泛指生物，用来指人时，常含有怜爱和轻蔑等感情色彩，确切的意思应视上下文和与形容词的搭配而定。
eg：①（选修6，27页）Humans are only one of the creatures who exist at this time.②（选修6，67页）In fact, only females can absorb the DNA of another creature.
七、 folk是古语，方言，可解释为"人们"。现常被people代替口语中指正派的人们，家属、亲戚。其复数有folks或folk，不论用folk还是folks都只同复数动词连用。
eg：① The folk(s) in the town are friendly.② Our socialist China's constitution rules that the younger folk(s) must take (assume) the responsibility of (for) supporting their old folk(s).③ Our folk(s),you know？I'd like to tell you：Most of my folk(s) are fine folk(s).I wish that your young folk(s)would turn to be the same.
八、 fellow表示"人，家伙"，常用于口语，专指男性，相当于美国俚语中的guy。
eg：① He always gets up late. He is a lazy fellow.
② He is a poor fellow！
fellow可以作定语，表示"同伴的，同事的"，例如：① a fellow worker（同事）② a fellow soldier（战友）③ a fellow traveler（旅伴；同路人）④ a fellow countryman（同胞）等。
九、 用作表示转意的词有：figure（伟人，人士）；body（一伙人，女性）；hand（做某种工作或有某种经验的人）；soul（人）等。
eg：① Napoleon is a wall-known figure in history.
② He is a good-natured body.
③ All hands on deck！
④ Don't tell a soul.
以上是笔者对新课程教学用书中表示"人"这一概念的词语的所作的初步探讨，以帮助学生更好地理解和运用相关的知识，选择出正确地表示"人"的词语和含义。
参考文献
［1］ 梁实秋《远东英汉大词典》
［2］ 陈琳 《普通高中课程标准实验教学用书》必修（1-5）选修（6-8）