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过错及因果关系推定是法律在前提事实(某种情境下的损害)获得证明的条件下,绕过了法官对基础事实问题的认定,而对法律事实中的法律问题(过错及因果关系有无)给出的暂时性结论。证明责任本质上是要件事实真伪不明时当事人承担的败诉风险,是对法律事实中事实问题的解决。因此在大陆法系,法定推定必然导致证明责任倒置。英美法系情形不同。过错及因果关系推定具有相同的正当性基础,它们在现行法中的体现尚未得到全面认识。
Faults and presumption of causation are laws that circumvent the judge’s cognizance of the basic fact under the premise that the premise (proof of damage in some circumstances) is proved, and the legal problems in law (fault and causal relationship ) Gives a tentative conclusion. The burden of proof is essentially the risk of the losing of the litigant when the truth of the matter is unknown, which is the solution to the factual problems in the legal fact. Therefore, in the civil law system, the legal presumption will inevitably lead to the burden of proof inversion. Anglo-American law system is different. Faults and presumption of causation have the same basis of legitimacy, and they have not been fully recognized in the current law.