屋宇密集的城市 ,火灾牵动着诸多的社会关系 ,连带了一系列社会事务 ,因而城市消防事业的运作情形 ,反映了城市中社会关系的组织和构造。有清一代 ,杭州地方政府组织了专门的救火兵丁 ,实施了“官水桶”等防火措施 ,但限于人力与财力 ,无法满足城市居民的消防需求。为此 ,政府将平时的防火工作下放到基层 ,并号召民间力量参与其中。而由社会经济发展所带来的居民关系复杂化 ,则推动了“义民”、“救火集”等民间救火组织的产生。官方与民间两类救火力量 ,各有不足 ,互相补充 ,共同承担起杭城火灾的救灭任务。灾后的赈济亦由官府和民间双方共同参与 ,但在官员自愿捐资的背后 ,却是他们保全宦途的策略性考虑 In densely populated cities, the fires affect many social relations and a series of social issues. Therefore, the operation of the city’s fire service reflects the organization and structure of social relations in cities. A generation of Qing Dynasty, Hangzhou local government organized a special firefighter Ding, the implementation of the “official bucket” and other fire prevention measures, but limited to manpower and financial resources, unable to meet the fire needs of urban residents. To this end, the government decentralized its usual fire prevention work to the grassroots level and called for civil involvement. However, the complex relationship between residents brought about by the social and economic development has promoted the emergence of non-governmental fire fighting organizations such as “righteous people” and “fire collection”. Both official and non-governmental fire fighting forces have their respective deficiencies and complement each other and share the task of saving the fire in Hangzhou City. Relief after the disaster also by the government and civil parties to participate, but behind the voluntary contributions of officials, but they are to preserve the strategic consideration of Huan official