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新事物的诞生总会带点悲伤色彩。随着新事物的横空出世,往往就会有旧事物黯然逝去。“推特”微博不仅改变着大家的交流方式,还对电视业造成了冲击,但在一些媒体人看来,它还是拯救“没落”电视产业的“神奇救兵”。
观众在推特上的俏皮话、批评、吐糟、发牢骚等都能影响一个节目的走向。脱口秀主持人需要普罗大众的吐糟点来制造笑点;电视编剧需要“热心”观众的互动来狠下重手,把自己的剧本改得合乎口味;演员则需要支持和反对者的善意或恶意点评,以便了解自己在屏幕上的“最佳角度”……电视需要微博,哪怕是需要负面的反馈来保持关注度——就像“麦当娜效应”那样:你可以讨厌她,诋毁她,但你就是不能忽视她。
其实,电视本身就不像电影那样“高端大气上档次”,所以主创人员一般也没有电影人的那种高傲与坚持。尽管对于创作人来说,保持相对独立与“无干扰”的创作环境是必要的,但是,在这个人人都向往话语权的时代,“特立独行”只是少数幸运儿才能享受到的礼遇。
——Mac
It’s Emmys night at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, and as showtime approaches, a mosh pit of 1)blue-chip television stars 2)jostles backstage. Conan O’Brien and Robin Williams, Alyson Hannigan and Jim Parsons, Jon Hamm and Sarah Silverman, all 3)spiffed-up and squeezing past each other and a few score of other celebrities in the narrow corridor between the producers’ station and the 4)green room. “This can’t be fire safe,” grumbles Hamm, the Mad Men heartthrob, as he shoulders through the 5)throng.
Maybe not, but a team from Twitter faces a more immediate problem. They spent months negotiating with CBS and Emmy executives for access that resulted in a “Twitter Mirror” stationed just outside the green room entrance, steps from the stage. A 6)tricked-out looking glass with an iPad embedded in its surface, it lets honorees and presenters coming offstage snap and broadcast casual self-portraits—“selfies”—to the 246,000 followers of the@cbs and @primetimeemmys accounts.
It’s supposed to, anyway. With 15 minutes left before the 5 p.m. Pacific start time, a full house of iPhone-toting actors and producers has overloaded the Wifi network. Andrew Adashek, the boyish 36-year-old ex-producer who manages Twitter’s television partnerships, speedwalks through the crowd, trying to find a solution. “Do you know a guy named Kevin? Curly hair, tattoos?” he asks one stagehand, who doesn’t.
Just as it’s looking hopeless, one of Adashek’s 8)lieutenants 9)scrounges a portable wireless hotspot. Bingo! Moments later, the Deschanel sisters—New Girl star Zooey and Bones star Emily—wander through, fresh from the red carpet. “Hey, let’s take a picture in the Twitter mirror!”Zooey says.
To its 200 million-plus active users, Twitter is many things: a social network, a short-form messaging service, a news wire, a tool for self-expression—even, some believe, a force for global political change. But the company itself seems far more keen to position itself among its users—and even better, potential users—as a TV companion, an indispensable tool to keep up with, discuss and even influence the outcomes of shows and live events like sporting contests and political debates. This “second screen experience” turns TV into a participatory activity, allowing Twitter users to broadcast 10)wisecracks, critiques and theories in real-time; the networks, in turn, share the behind-the-scenes worlds of writers’ rooms and dressing rooms, 140 characters at a time. “As we’ve grown, it’s become more and more clear to us that the characteristics that make up Twitter—public, real-time and conversational—make it a perfect complement to television,” says CEO Dick Costolo. “TV has always been social and conversation-driven. It’s just that in the past, the reach of that conversation was limited by the number of people in a room or who you could talk to on the phone or the next day at the 11)watercooler. Broadcasters have come to understand that Twitter is a force multiplier for the media they’ve created.”
In many ways, television shouldn’t even be called television anymore. “Video” would prove more apt. More than a third of today’s“TV” viewers watch programming on laptops, smartphones and tablets, according to Frank N. Magid Associates. And live TV? Not in an age of “on demand.” Meanwhile, Internet services like Netflix, Hulu and Amazon are producing original 12)premium content that holds up against anything HBO or PBS is putting out. Netflix’s House of Cards, nominated for this year’s Emmy Award for best dramatic series, was a game changer. “The seal has been broken,” says Larry Tanz, CEO of Vuguru, an Internet video studio owned by former Disney chief Michael Eisner.“It’s the first time the fact of what network it was on doesn’t matter to people.” If Netflix were a channel, the 87 minutes per day that the average subscriber spends streaming the service would make it one of the most-watched cable networks.
Twitter’s message to the networks is different, and it comes in well short of 140 characters: We come in peace; let’s make money together.
Twitter’s users, unlike Facebook’s, see each other’s posts in real time, which allows for 13)spontaneous public conversations. Those conversations frequently center around television:
In one study of users in the UK, a full 40% of tweets mentioned TV shows. In 2012, 32 million Americans tweeted about TV, according to Nielsen. When enough people are interested in talking about the same show at once, the results can be impressive.
In June, about 3 million people tuned in to Discovery, which aired acrobat Nik Wallenda’s tightrope walk across an Arizona gorge. As he crossed, the rate of activity on Twitter rocketed, peaking at 40,000 messages per second as the walk neared its conclusion. By the end, the event drew an audience of 13 million viewers and generated 1 million tweets.
While it’s impossible to attribute how many viewers tuned in after seeing it tweeted about, Discovery attributes at least some of the 14)spike to “not having to wait until tomorrow to be part of the watercooler conversation,” and even fed the fire by posting celebrity Tweets on the broadcast during Wallenda’s walk. According to Brian Blau, a technology analyst at Gartner, Twitter’s TV strategy “is probably the best revenue story they’ve got right now,” and it could solve their audience issue, too. “If all of these shows start to advertise Twitter as part of their marketing and branding, it could drive users, because they have a lot more viewers than it has users,”he says. How much money does Blau think is at stake for a company which next year will take in $950 million, according to eMarketer’s projection? “Could it be a billion dollar business for them? That’s hard to imagine in the near term, but 15)the sky’s the limit.”
Back at the Emmys, there’s plenty on hand. Breaking Bad’s Bryan Cranston stops by the Twitter Mirror for a quick snap. So do Claire Danes, Stephen Colbert, Kerry Washington and even Bob Newhart. When someone asks Conan O’Brien to pose, he 16)quips, “Social media? That stuff is never going to catch on.” Then, like everyone else, he steps up and 17)mugs for his selfie.
在洛杉矶诺基亚剧院举办的艾美奖之夜,随着节目即将开始,一大群电视圈一线明星挤在后台。柯南·奥布莱恩、罗宾·威廉姆斯、艾丽森·汉妮根、吉姆·帕森斯、乔·哈姆以及萨拉·丝沃曼,衣香鬓影,擦踵摩肩,还有其他圈子的几个名人站在制作中心与演员休息室之间的狭长走廊上。“这样万一有火灾,那可不安全”,《广告狂人》的主演哈姆一边从人群中侧身经过,一边抱怨道。
也许不安全,但是一支来自“推特”微博的团队面临着更为迫切的问题。他们花了数月时间与CBS电视台以及艾美奖的高层人员磋商,争取就在演员休息室入口(离舞台数步之遥)安置一面“推特镜”。那是一面经过改装的镜子,表面镶嵌一块苹果平板电脑屏幕,可以抓拍主持人以及颁奖嘉宾从舞台下来后的样子,然后向CBS以及艾美微博账户的24.6万粉丝展示“随意的”自拍照。
无论如何,原来的计划应该就是那样的。在离美国西部开场时间下午5点前的15分钟,一整屋手拿苹果手机的演员和制作人让无线网络超出负荷。安德鲁·艾达什克,这位一脸孩子气的36岁前制作人——如今运营推特的电视合作业务,他快速穿过人群,试图找出解决办法。“有人认识一个叫凯文的人吗?卷发,有纹身的?”他问了一个舞台工作人员,他表示不认识。
就在看来找人无望之际,艾达什克的一名助手讨到了一个移动无线代理器。成功!不久后,丹斯切尔姐妹——《杰西驾到》的主演佐伊以及《识骨寻踪》的主演艾米莉——慢慢经过,刚走完红地毯,“喂,让我们在‘推特镜’前拍张照吧!”佐伊说道。
对于两亿多的活跃用户来说,推特的意味良多:一个社交网络,一种简讯传输方式,一条新闻资讯渠道,一个自我展现的工具——有人甚至相信,其将成为推动国际政治格局转变的力量。但是推特公司本身看上去更为热衷于在用户中,尤其是在潜在用户中,将自己定位为电视伴侣的角色,一个不可或缺的工具,用来同步跟进、讨论甚至影响节目及直播活动的结果,比如体育赛事和政治辩论。这种“第二屏幕体验”让电视成为一种参与性的活动,让推特用户实时展示俏皮话、批评以及各种理论;反过来,对于电视台来说,可以每次用140个字符来分享幕后花絮,例如编剧以及化妆间的世界。
“随着公司的成长,我们越发清晰地了解到组成推特的元素——公众、同步性以及对话互动,能够完美地填补电视制作的不足,”推特的执行总裁迪克·科斯特洛说道。“电视制作总是注重社交性和对话互动。但是在过去,这样的谈话只能发生在一间屋子里的少数人之间,或是你在电话里的谈话对象,或是第二天在茶水间与同事闲聊。电视传媒人渐渐明白到,推特是令电视媒体如虎添翼的催化剂。”
在很多方面,电视甚至不应该再被称作“电视”了。“视频”这一称谓会被证明更加恰当。根据电视咨询服务公司迈进传媒的调查显示,今天看“电视”的观众中,超过三分之一的观众是用手提电脑、智能手机以及平板电脑来观看节目的。在这个可以“随时随地点播”节目的年代,“电视直播”早已是明日黄花了。
与此同时,网络视频网站,像网飞、葫芦以及亚马逊,都在制作自己的精良节目,与HBO或者PBS电视台的节目打擂台。网飞的《纸牌屋》就被今年的艾美奖提名角逐年度最佳剧情类剧集,这让业内重新洗牌。“界限被打破了,”视频网站Vuguru的执行总裁拉里·坦兹说道——该网站的持有人是前迪士尼董事长迈克尔·艾斯纳。“史无前例地,如今节目在哪个有线网络播放已不再重要了。”如果网飞视频网是一个频道,那么一般订阅者每天花上87分钟看视频这一点会让其成为最受欢迎的有线电视台之一。
推特带给电视台的信息就不一样了,只用简单的140个字符就能完美表达:我们和平共处,携手把钱带进兜里。
不像脸谱网,推特的用户能够即时看到对方的发言,这样能够为即兴公开对话提供平台。这些对话主要围绕着电视:英国的一项用户调查显示,整整有40%的推特发言是与电视节目相关的。根据市场调查研究公司尼尔森的数据,去年,有三千二百万的美国人在推特上发表和电视有关的言论。当有足够多的人感兴趣于即时讨论同一个节目时,这个效应就很可观了。
在六月,大概有三百万人关注收看“探索频道”,当时播放的是特技演员尼克·瓦伦达的走钢丝表演,横跨亚利桑那大峡谷。当他横跨之时,推特上关于这个节目的热度激涨,当走钢丝表演快要完结之时,每秒的言论信息高达四万条之多。最后,这个表演吸引了一千三百万观众,引发了一百万条推特评论。
尽管从推特评论数据中不可能统计到究竟有多少人在看完推特信息后观看了节目,不过“探索频道”至少给予了一个衡量标杆:“不用等到明天在办公室茶水间才可以讨论这个节目”,甚至还在瓦伦达表演的期间通过转发名人推特发言来助长热度。
高德纳咨询公司负责运营推特的电视营销策略。该公司的技术分析员布莱恩·布劳说道:“这可能是推特现时能得到的最好的收入渠道,”这也能解决电视台的收视率问题。“如果所有的节目都开始把推特作为其营销和品牌运营的一部分,这能够激活用户,因为电视节目的观众比推特的用户要多得多,”他说。根据咨询公司eMarketer的推测,对于一家明年将会赚9.5亿美元的公司来说,布劳认为这能占多少呢?“可能赚到十亿美元吗?短期内很难想象,不过前途无量。”
说回艾美奖,可谓好戏连连。《绝命毒师》的主演布莱恩·科兰斯顿在“推特镜”前驻足,拍了一张快照。克莱尔·丹尼斯、史蒂芬·科拜尔、凯丽·华盛顿甚至鲍勃·纽哈特也这样做了。当有人让柯南·奥布莱恩摆拍时,他言带嘲讽:“社交网络?那玩意儿流行不起来的。”然后,就像其他所有人那样,他迎上前,为自己的自拍照做了一个鬼脸。