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自然和资源是战争不可避免的牺牲品，水源危机、物种消失、森林减少、土地沙化乃是战争的必然结果——联合国环境规划署。
十年磨一剑。
十年前，伊拉克战火纷飞。十年后，虽然伊拉克战争早已淡出人们的视线，然而当时的滚滚黑烟、滩滩血迹、片片焦土、阵阵哭嚎却仿若昨日之事，依然历历在目，声声在耳，触目惊心。对于伊拉克来说，这场战争不仅摧毁了家园，夺走了生命，更对生态造成了不可估量的破坏。在伊拉克战争“十年祭”之际，令人欣慰的是伊拉克生态在那场不堪回首的战争中逐渐恢复。
伊拉克战争“十年祭”
中东国家伊拉克所在的地区，在历史上曾被称为美索不达米亚。位于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河之间的美索不达米亚平原拥有着富饶的土地，曾经孕育了世界上几个最古老的文明——苏美尔文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。而伊拉克的巴格达，曾也一度是阿拉伯世界的中心。虽然伊拉克的大部分国土都是沙漠，但位于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河之间的地区宜于农耕，物产丰富。然而，这个历史悠久的国度却饱受战火的蹂躏。尤其是近三十年来，从1980至1988年的两伊战争，到1990年8月的科威特战争，再到十年前的伊拉克战争，这无不给伊拉克的社会、经济、生态等方面带来了沉重的灾难。
2003年3月20日，美国以伊拉克拥有大规模毁灭性武器为由，组织联军进攻伊拉克，伊拉克战争爆发。2003年4月9日，美军攻占巴格达，萨达姆政权随之被推翻。2003年5月1日，美国总统布什宣布伊拉克主要战事结束。2011年12月18日，最后一支美军车队当天离开伊拉克进入科威特境内。至此，美军完成撤离伊拉克的整个计划。
备受摧残的伊拉克生态
不言而喻，战后的伊拉克满目疮痍。其中，战争给这个国家的生态带来的破坏更是令人痛心疾首。在伊拉克的南部，沙漠广布。战争期间武器装备和人员的频繁调动，如数千辆装甲车、坦克、火炮、汽车的碾压，几十万士兵的走动和挖战壕；直升机进攻时刮起的大面积尘土；无数炮弹、炸弹、导弹等对地面的地毯式轰炸，这些都破坏了地表土壤结构，使伊拉克容易形成特大沙尘暴。同时，炮火的浓烟使得空气里弥漫着有毒气体和烟尘，造成了严重的大气污染。另外，巴格达的供电供水设施被炸毁后，使得本就缺水的城市更加雪上加霜，人们不得不饮用受污染的河水。
据伊拉克卫生部门报告显示，由于贫铀弹的使用，战后伊拉克的死胎、畸形儿等医学怪病层出不穷，癌症像流感一样普遍。有专家预测，伊拉克肿瘤患者平均每年将增加2.5万人以上。贫铀弹对伊拉克造成的危害是长期的，它在爆炸后生成高度分散的放射性微粒和气溶胶，可随空气流动而飘散，通过呼吸进入人体，或降至地表，渗入土壤、河流和地下水，再通过动物、作物和水产品等食物链进入人体，产生有害于人体的各种放射线，能破坏人体和动物的免疫、神经、内分泌、呼吸和生殖等系统，诱发多种病变。这种污染能持续几百年以上，且极难清除，因此会长期破坏生态环境。
此外，据联合国提供的数据显示，伊拉克的大片沼泽正在消失。美索不达米亚沼泽只有7%保持完好，而这里是底格里斯河和幼发拉底河汇合的地方，许多人相信这里就是最初的伊甸园。另据2000年所作的一项估计显示，伊拉克90%的自然湿地已经消失，而排灌工程和水坝是造成这一结果的部分原因。科学家曾对此表示担忧称，如果不采取行动，这些沼泽将在5年之内完全消失。这个地区的干涸不仅会对当地的野生生物造成严重影响，也给其文化同湿地环境紧密相连的沼泽地阿拉伯人带来严重的问题。除此之外，战争造成的噪音污染以及对地质等的影响也不可小觑。
生态修复任重道远
到今年三月份之时，伊拉克战争结束已整整十年。伊拉克驻华大使穆斯塔法向媒体谈及此处时表示，伊拉克不仅有众多历史悠久的宗教古迹，还有山川、湖泊、沙漠等优美的自然风光。但遗憾的是，战争无情的摧残着这些大自然的馈赠。令人欣慰的是，在过去的十年里，伊拉克取得了令人注目的成就。比如进行了大选，颁布了新宪法。这对于伊拉克来说是一个非常重要的步骤，也使其跃上了一个崭新的台阶。另外，伊拉克的生态也得到了改善。
日前，联合国出台一项计划，打算将伊拉克东南部的古沼泽地列为世界遗产地，这里被认为是《圣经》中的伊甸园。联合国环境规划署总部表示，伊拉克沼泽地具有重要的文化和生态意义。伊拉克环境部长Nermeen Othman在UNEP签署的声明中说：“因为萨达姆的所作所为，这片湿地行将完全消失，而延续了近几个世纪的阿拉伯古沼泽文化也将随之消逝。它不仅是一场生态危机，而更进一步演变成了人类悲剧。”
在幼发拉底河和底格里斯河的孕育下，该沼泽地已经成为了海湾鱼类生物的产卵地和朱鹭等珍稀鸟类的栖息地，同时它还是数千只野禽在西伯利亚和非洲之间迁徙的歇脚地。20世纪70年代时，这片野生生物资源丰富的沼泽地覆盖面积约9，000平方公里，而2002年已经锐减到了760平方公里。萨达姆政权倒台后，当地人民拆毁了多处大坝，水流再次流入该区，而且UNEP推出的复原工程也帮助了成千上万的鸟类和鱼类重返家园。
Natural resources are inevitable victims of war. Water shortages， the destruction of vital cultivation， deforestation， erosion， and desertification are all part of the unavoidable collateral damage caused by conflicts --- UNEP
10 years after the war broke out in Iraq， the war has gradually faded out of the public eye. However， the smoke， the blood， the scorched land， the scream and the cry all seem like only yesterday. We are still stunned by the images and sounds. For Iraqis， the war destroyed their homeland， killed people， and damaged the ecological environment. On the 10th anniversary， the ecological environment begins to recover from the war. 10th Anniversary of the Iraq War
Iraq， also known as Mesopotamia， is a country in the Middle East and located in the region of rich fertile soil between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It has been home to a few ancient civilizations， namely Sumerian， Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations. Baghdad， the capital of Iraq， was also once the center of the Arabic world. Although most of its territory is desert， the rich fertile soil between two rivers remains suitable for agriculture. However， this country with a long history has been torn by wars. In particular the last 30 years， Iraq experienced the Iran-Iraq War from 1980 to 1988， the first Gulf war in August 1990 and the second Gulf war 10 years ago. All these wars brought disasters to the Iraqi society， economy and ecology.
On 20th March 2003， the United States and its allies invaded Iraq， using the weapons of mass destruction as an excuse. On 9th April 2003， the U.S. military took Baghdad. On 1st May 2003， the then US President G.W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. On 18th December 2011， the last US troops left Iraqi territory and entered Kuwait. The withdrawal of US troop from Iraq completed.
Damaged Ecology in Iraq
Undoubtedly， the war left behind a trail of destruction in the war-torn Iraq. The ecological destruction brought by the wars cause people’s grief. In the South of Iraq， the war weaponries and personnel were frequently mobilized. For instance， thousands of armored vehicles， tanks and artilleries were rolling across the desert； several hundred thousand soldiers dug trenches； sand storms were caused by using military helicopters； and numerous bombs and missiles bombed on the ground. All these factors lead to the disruption of soil structure， resulting in frequent super sand storms in Iraq. The air was also seriously polluted by the fumes from artillery barrages and gunfire and the smoke dust. Additionally， power stations and water supply stations in the capital were blown up， worsening the water scarcity in the city. People have no choice but to drink polluted water.
According to the health department in Iraq， owning to the use of depleted uranium-tipped ammunitions， the neonatal death and teratismus are commonly seen and different forms of cancer are widespread. Experts estimated that the average number of cancer patients would increase by more than 25，000 each year. Depleted uranium-tipped ammunitions can bring long term impairments， since the highly dispersed radioactive particles and aerosols are released into the atmosphere after the explosions. As a result， the radioactive and aerosol pollutants pollute the air， the earth surface， the soil， the groundwater and rivers， and eventually contaminate the food chain. All these radiations also harm immune， nervous， endocrine， respiratory， and reproductive and other systems of humans and animals， leading to pathological changes. All these pollutants are difficult to clean up. The detrimental effects can remain for several hundred years and have long lasting consequences to the environment. The data provided by the UN revealed that a large area of swamp in Iraq is disappearing. For example， less than 7% of the Mesopotamian marshes remain. The marshes are located in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers； many believe it is where the Garden of Eden was located. In 2000， a survey estimated that 90% of natural wetlands in Iraq have vanished. It is a partial result of irrigation and drainage projects. And， wetlands will disappear within 5 years if no measures are taken.（ This will affect not only wildlife but also Arabs who also heavily rely on wetlands to survive. ） Besides， the war also generated noise and geological pollutions. All these consequences should not be underestimated.
A Long Way to Recover
March 2013 marked the 10th year after the Second Gulf War. Mr. Abdul Karim Hashim Mustafa， Iraqi Ambassador to China， said that Iraq has not only many historic religious monuments， but also beautiful natural sceneries like mountains， lakes， and deserts. Unfortunately， the ruthless wars destructed these natural gifts. However， Iraq made remarkable achievements like holding the general election and the promulgation of a new constitution in the last 10 years. Those are very critical steps for Iraq to move forward. Also， the ecological situation has improved.
Recently， UN planned to list the ancient marshlands in the South-Eastern Iraq as the world heritage. The ancient wetlands are believed by some to be the site of the Garden of Eden. The marshes in Iraq have significant cultural and ecological values. Iraqi Environment Minister Nermeen Othman said in a statement issued by the United Nations Environment Programme （UNEP）： “Because of what Saddam did， the Marshlands were in danger ofcompletely disappearing， as was the centuries-old culture of the Marsh Arabs. It had become an ecological but also a human tragedy.
Under the nourishing of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers， the Mesopotamia mashes have become the spawning grounds for fishes， the home to millions birds like Ibises and the stopover for millions of other migratory animals as they travelled from Siberia to Africa. In the 1970’s， this wildlife-rich wetland covered an area of about 9，000 square kilometers， which shrunk to 760 square kilometers by 2002. After the fall of Saddam's regime in 2003， the marshes have partially recovered as local residents destroyed dikes. Rivers are allowed to flow into the region. Furthermore， the restoration programs carried out by the UNEP also help restore the wildlife habitat of Mesopotamia marshes. Now， millions of birds and fishes return to the area.
十年磨一剑。
十年前，伊拉克战火纷飞。十年后，虽然伊拉克战争早已淡出人们的视线，然而当时的滚滚黑烟、滩滩血迹、片片焦土、阵阵哭嚎却仿若昨日之事，依然历历在目，声声在耳，触目惊心。对于伊拉克来说，这场战争不仅摧毁了家园，夺走了生命，更对生态造成了不可估量的破坏。在伊拉克战争“十年祭”之际，令人欣慰的是伊拉克生态在那场不堪回首的战争中逐渐恢复。
伊拉克战争“十年祭”
中东国家伊拉克所在的地区，在历史上曾被称为美索不达米亚。位于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河之间的美索不达米亚平原拥有着富饶的土地，曾经孕育了世界上几个最古老的文明——苏美尔文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。而伊拉克的巴格达，曾也一度是阿拉伯世界的中心。虽然伊拉克的大部分国土都是沙漠，但位于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河之间的地区宜于农耕，物产丰富。然而，这个历史悠久的国度却饱受战火的蹂躏。尤其是近三十年来，从1980至1988年的两伊战争，到1990年8月的科威特战争，再到十年前的伊拉克战争，这无不给伊拉克的社会、经济、生态等方面带来了沉重的灾难。
2003年3月20日，美国以伊拉克拥有大规模毁灭性武器为由，组织联军进攻伊拉克，伊拉克战争爆发。2003年4月9日，美军攻占巴格达，萨达姆政权随之被推翻。2003年5月1日，美国总统布什宣布伊拉克主要战事结束。2011年12月18日，最后一支美军车队当天离开伊拉克进入科威特境内。至此，美军完成撤离伊拉克的整个计划。
备受摧残的伊拉克生态
不言而喻，战后的伊拉克满目疮痍。其中，战争给这个国家的生态带来的破坏更是令人痛心疾首。在伊拉克的南部，沙漠广布。战争期间武器装备和人员的频繁调动，如数千辆装甲车、坦克、火炮、汽车的碾压，几十万士兵的走动和挖战壕；直升机进攻时刮起的大面积尘土；无数炮弹、炸弹、导弹等对地面的地毯式轰炸，这些都破坏了地表土壤结构，使伊拉克容易形成特大沙尘暴。同时，炮火的浓烟使得空气里弥漫着有毒气体和烟尘，造成了严重的大气污染。另外，巴格达的供电供水设施被炸毁后，使得本就缺水的城市更加雪上加霜，人们不得不饮用受污染的河水。
据伊拉克卫生部门报告显示，由于贫铀弹的使用，战后伊拉克的死胎、畸形儿等医学怪病层出不穷，癌症像流感一样普遍。有专家预测，伊拉克肿瘤患者平均每年将增加2.5万人以上。贫铀弹对伊拉克造成的危害是长期的，它在爆炸后生成高度分散的放射性微粒和气溶胶，可随空气流动而飘散，通过呼吸进入人体，或降至地表，渗入土壤、河流和地下水，再通过动物、作物和水产品等食物链进入人体，产生有害于人体的各种放射线，能破坏人体和动物的免疫、神经、内分泌、呼吸和生殖等系统，诱发多种病变。这种污染能持续几百年以上，且极难清除，因此会长期破坏生态环境。
此外，据联合国提供的数据显示，伊拉克的大片沼泽正在消失。美索不达米亚沼泽只有7%保持完好，而这里是底格里斯河和幼发拉底河汇合的地方，许多人相信这里就是最初的伊甸园。另据2000年所作的一项估计显示，伊拉克90%的自然湿地已经消失，而排灌工程和水坝是造成这一结果的部分原因。科学家曾对此表示担忧称，如果不采取行动，这些沼泽将在5年之内完全消失。这个地区的干涸不仅会对当地的野生生物造成严重影响，也给其文化同湿地环境紧密相连的沼泽地阿拉伯人带来严重的问题。除此之外，战争造成的噪音污染以及对地质等的影响也不可小觑。
生态修复任重道远
到今年三月份之时，伊拉克战争结束已整整十年。伊拉克驻华大使穆斯塔法向媒体谈及此处时表示，伊拉克不仅有众多历史悠久的宗教古迹，还有山川、湖泊、沙漠等优美的自然风光。但遗憾的是，战争无情的摧残着这些大自然的馈赠。令人欣慰的是，在过去的十年里，伊拉克取得了令人注目的成就。比如进行了大选，颁布了新宪法。这对于伊拉克来说是一个非常重要的步骤，也使其跃上了一个崭新的台阶。另外，伊拉克的生态也得到了改善。
日前，联合国出台一项计划，打算将伊拉克东南部的古沼泽地列为世界遗产地，这里被认为是《圣经》中的伊甸园。联合国环境规划署总部表示，伊拉克沼泽地具有重要的文化和生态意义。伊拉克环境部长Nermeen Othman在UNEP签署的声明中说：“因为萨达姆的所作所为，这片湿地行将完全消失，而延续了近几个世纪的阿拉伯古沼泽文化也将随之消逝。它不仅是一场生态危机，而更进一步演变成了人类悲剧。”
在幼发拉底河和底格里斯河的孕育下，该沼泽地已经成为了海湾鱼类生物的产卵地和朱鹭等珍稀鸟类的栖息地，同时它还是数千只野禽在西伯利亚和非洲之间迁徙的歇脚地。20世纪70年代时，这片野生生物资源丰富的沼泽地覆盖面积约9，000平方公里，而2002年已经锐减到了760平方公里。萨达姆政权倒台后，当地人民拆毁了多处大坝，水流再次流入该区，而且UNEP推出的复原工程也帮助了成千上万的鸟类和鱼类重返家园。
Natural resources are inevitable victims of war. Water shortages， the destruction of vital cultivation， deforestation， erosion， and desertification are all part of the unavoidable collateral damage caused by conflicts --- UNEP
10 years after the war broke out in Iraq， the war has gradually faded out of the public eye. However， the smoke， the blood， the scorched land， the scream and the cry all seem like only yesterday. We are still stunned by the images and sounds. For Iraqis， the war destroyed their homeland， killed people， and damaged the ecological environment. On the 10th anniversary， the ecological environment begins to recover from the war. 10th Anniversary of the Iraq War
Iraq， also known as Mesopotamia， is a country in the Middle East and located in the region of rich fertile soil between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It has been home to a few ancient civilizations， namely Sumerian， Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations. Baghdad， the capital of Iraq， was also once the center of the Arabic world. Although most of its territory is desert， the rich fertile soil between two rivers remains suitable for agriculture. However， this country with a long history has been torn by wars. In particular the last 30 years， Iraq experienced the Iran-Iraq War from 1980 to 1988， the first Gulf war in August 1990 and the second Gulf war 10 years ago. All these wars brought disasters to the Iraqi society， economy and ecology.
On 20th March 2003， the United States and its allies invaded Iraq， using the weapons of mass destruction as an excuse. On 9th April 2003， the U.S. military took Baghdad. On 1st May 2003， the then US President G.W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. On 18th December 2011， the last US troops left Iraqi territory and entered Kuwait. The withdrawal of US troop from Iraq completed.
Damaged Ecology in Iraq
Undoubtedly， the war left behind a trail of destruction in the war-torn Iraq. The ecological destruction brought by the wars cause people’s grief. In the South of Iraq， the war weaponries and personnel were frequently mobilized. For instance， thousands of armored vehicles， tanks and artilleries were rolling across the desert； several hundred thousand soldiers dug trenches； sand storms were caused by using military helicopters； and numerous bombs and missiles bombed on the ground. All these factors lead to the disruption of soil structure， resulting in frequent super sand storms in Iraq. The air was also seriously polluted by the fumes from artillery barrages and gunfire and the smoke dust. Additionally， power stations and water supply stations in the capital were blown up， worsening the water scarcity in the city. People have no choice but to drink polluted water.
According to the health department in Iraq， owning to the use of depleted uranium-tipped ammunitions， the neonatal death and teratismus are commonly seen and different forms of cancer are widespread. Experts estimated that the average number of cancer patients would increase by more than 25，000 each year. Depleted uranium-tipped ammunitions can bring long term impairments， since the highly dispersed radioactive particles and aerosols are released into the atmosphere after the explosions. As a result， the radioactive and aerosol pollutants pollute the air， the earth surface， the soil， the groundwater and rivers， and eventually contaminate the food chain. All these radiations also harm immune， nervous， endocrine， respiratory， and reproductive and other systems of humans and animals， leading to pathological changes. All these pollutants are difficult to clean up. The detrimental effects can remain for several hundred years and have long lasting consequences to the environment. The data provided by the UN revealed that a large area of swamp in Iraq is disappearing. For example， less than 7% of the Mesopotamian marshes remain. The marshes are located in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers； many believe it is where the Garden of Eden was located. In 2000， a survey estimated that 90% of natural wetlands in Iraq have vanished. It is a partial result of irrigation and drainage projects. And， wetlands will disappear within 5 years if no measures are taken.（ This will affect not only wildlife but also Arabs who also heavily rely on wetlands to survive. ） Besides， the war also generated noise and geological pollutions. All these consequences should not be underestimated.
A Long Way to Recover
March 2013 marked the 10th year after the Second Gulf War. Mr. Abdul Karim Hashim Mustafa， Iraqi Ambassador to China， said that Iraq has not only many historic religious monuments， but also beautiful natural sceneries like mountains， lakes， and deserts. Unfortunately， the ruthless wars destructed these natural gifts. However， Iraq made remarkable achievements like holding the general election and the promulgation of a new constitution in the last 10 years. Those are very critical steps for Iraq to move forward. Also， the ecological situation has improved.
Recently， UN planned to list the ancient marshlands in the South-Eastern Iraq as the world heritage. The ancient wetlands are believed by some to be the site of the Garden of Eden. The marshes in Iraq have significant cultural and ecological values. Iraqi Environment Minister Nermeen Othman said in a statement issued by the United Nations Environment Programme （UNEP）： “Because of what Saddam did， the Marshlands were in danger ofcompletely disappearing， as was the centuries-old culture of the Marsh Arabs. It had become an ecological but also a human tragedy.
Under the nourishing of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers， the Mesopotamia mashes have become the spawning grounds for fishes， the home to millions birds like Ibises and the stopover for millions of other migratory animals as they travelled from Siberia to Africa. In the 1970’s， this wildlife-rich wetland covered an area of about 9，000 square kilometers， which shrunk to 760 square kilometers by 2002. After the fall of Saddam's regime in 2003， the marshes have partially recovered as local residents destroyed dikes. Rivers are allowed to flow into the region. Furthermore， the restoration programs carried out by the UNEP also help restore the wildlife habitat of Mesopotamia marshes. Now， millions of birds and fishes return to the area.