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机体发育中少突胶质细胞谱系定型、特化、增殖、迁移、分化、成熟、髓鞘形成以及脱髓鞘疾病髓鞘重塑过程受到内外多因素的调控。近年来，表观遗传调控机制研究越来越多，包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA、染色质重塑等。研究表观遗传调控为髓鞘形成障碍或者髓鞘破坏性疾病，如多发性硬化、早产儿脑室周围白质损伤及脑脊髓炎等提供了潜在的治疗新靶点。本文现围绕少突胶质细胞表观遗传学调控机制的研究进展综述如下。“,”Developmental oligodendrocyte lineages are regulated by internal and external factors during the processes of stereotyping, specialization, proliferation, migration, differentiation, maturation, myelination and myelin remodeling in demyelinating diseases. In recent years, the mechanisms of epigenetics in these processes have been studied extensively, including DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA and chromatin remodeling; these mechanisms provide potential new targets for treatment of myelin formation disorders or myelin-destructive diseases such as multiple sclerosis, periventricular leukomalacia and encephalomyelitis in preterm infants. This article reviews recent research advance in epigenetics in the development and regeneration of oligodendrocyte lineages.