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中国制造业已形成了工业制成品和加工贸易出口为主的“世界工厂”模式,该种模式的特征为依托低廉劳动力、附加值低的粗放型增长。选取2000~2013年中国出口世界工厂模式的资源、人力、资本投入及出口、经济和环境产出指标,对全国及分省的出口世界工厂模式效率进行了数据包络分析(DEA)测度。结果发现,2000~2013年,全国及分省的出口世界工厂模式效率整体有所提高,但受金融危机影响,2008年以后效率出现了波动。非DEA有效的年份及区域,其成因主要包括资源环境、人力资本的投入冗余;加工出口、环境产出冗余。未来随着世界市场低迷、部分产业产能过剩、人口红利的逐渐消失、资源环境的压力增大,加工产品出口的世界工厂模式亟需转型。转型发展的关键举措包括增强自主创新能力,加快产业结构调整等。
China’s manufacturing industry has formed a “factory of the world” model mainly for the export of manufactured products and processing trade. The mode is characterized by the extensive growth with low labor and low added value. Selecting the resources, manpower, capital investment and export, economic and environmental output indicators of China’s export-world factory model from 2000 to 2013, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) of the national and provincial export-world factory model efficiency was carried out. The results showed that from 2000 to 2013, the efficiency of export-oriented factories at the national and sub-provincial levels improved overall. However, the efficiency of the economy fluctuated after 2008 due to the financial crisis. Non-DEA effective years and regions, the causes mainly include resource environment, human capital investment redundancy; processing exports, environmental output redundancy. In the future, with the downturn in the world market, overcapacity in some industries, gradual demotion of demographic dividend, increased pressure on resources and environment, and the transformation of the world factory model for export of processed products urgently need to be restructured. Key measures for the transformation and development include strengthening the capability of independent innovation and speeding up industrial restructuring.